An Introduction To Multiculturalism The Concept Sociology Essay

An Introduction To Multiculturalism The Concept Sociology Essay The definition of multiculturalism depends a great deal upon the context in which it is discussed. Concept of multiculturalism is constantly varying as more people make their voices heard to a recurrently increasing audience. Multiculturalism implies the diverse perspectives people develop and maintain through varieties of experience and background stemming from racial, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation and/or class differences in our society. Multiculturalism is the acceptance or promotion of various ethnic cultures. It is diversity valid to the demographic make-up of a specific place, often at the organizational level, e.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities or nations. In this context, multiculturalists advocate extending equitable status to distinct ethnic and religious groups without promoting any specific ethnic, religious, and/or cultural community values as central. Multiculturalism should preserve the ideals of equality, equity, freedom and respect for individuals and groups as a principle fundamental to the success of a nation. Background of British Public Life Style that embraces Multiculturalism the Evolution Britian is one of Europes most multi-cultural nations. There are a number of policy drivers and historical happening that have led Britian to evolve into multicultural society that it is today. There is no infliction of immigration in the 1914 and 1948 Nationality Acts. Immigration remained low, however until after 1948. In 1953 the total number of immigrants to Britain was 2000 and by the end of the first half of 1962 the number had risen to 94,500. The 1948 British Nationality Act established positive immigration rights to Citizens of Commonwealth countries. Britain experienced an increase in immigration rate in post war era due to deficiency of labor. Initially men alone came to Britain for jobs but in late 1960s and early seventies their families joined them. These included mostly Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims and Buddhists as well as Christians and they settled in London, in the Midlands and the North and in the seaport towns of Liverpool and Cardiff. The immigration load of 1960s and early seventies made UK an ethnically and religiously diverse community. The idea that the immigrant would ultimately merge and become part of the host culture which was given in mid-50s was rejected. These communities develop their own cultural values. Racial tension increased and by the end of 1950s immigrants were subjected to unprovoked racist attacks. This resulted in the notion that immigration and race relations were politically controversial issues and there was a growing campaign to introduce immigration controls. Between 1950 and 1955 certain control measures were adopted to reduce the influx to Uk as the number of West Indian, Indian and Pakistani immigrants increased. But in spite of the strict immigration policy the population of immigrants is still growing Over the last decade most of the immigrants came from the Indian subcontinent or the Caribbean, i.e. from former British colonies. In 2004 the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795 a rise of 12% on the previous year. This number had risen dramatically since 2000. The huge majority of new citizens come from Africa (32%) and Asia (40%), the largest three groups being people from Pakistan, India and Somalia. This resulted in changes to the British way of life and the UK became known as a multicultural community. However, more recently the term multiculturalism is becoming a contested concept both in sociological discourse and in recent policy making. The term multiculturalism is generally thought to have arisen in Britain in a speech by the then Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins in 1966. While this term is current in the UK there are often instances where local politics can serve to exclude minority cultures while promoting the values of the dominant white culture. Multiculturalism is also a term which describes aspects of social policy. Multiculturalism is used in a number of ways which can serve either to celebrate difference or to act as a cover for what, in any real terms, is another form of enforced assimilation. It also needs to be recognized that diverse ethnic groups now consist of large numbers of people who have been born in Britain. Causes for Reduction in Peoples Moral Value and Multi-cultural Understandings of Harmony in UK 1. Materialistic Lifestyles and Lack of Religious Influences Nowdays people are inclined towards economic advancement rather than social advancement on basis of sticking to the moral values. Simplicity has been taken over by extravagent life styles and extra needs. This brings human cirlce of behavior and brings about significant impact on the entire social fabric. There is lack of religious and spiritual influences on people, and they do not tend to believe in virtues and moralities. In the The Twilight of a Great Civilization, with reference to lack of religious influences on nations and consequent emergence of immoralities, Theologian Carl Henry stated that there is no fixed truth, no final good, no ultimate meaning or purpose, and that the living God is a primitive illusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it champions mysticism, occult forces and powers, communion with nature and exotic religions. This concept of illusional God is taking up roots in various sections of British society. 2. Fragmented Family Structure A dysfunctional family is detrimental to the development of an individual and usually results in low self-morale. Among the numerous factors for the deterioration of morals among the youth, such as lack of religious education and appreciation and peer pressure, a dysfunctional family were stated as the leading causes. The family is the basic building blocks of society. Abuse whether sexual, physical, emotional, or mental is a very real and crippling problem in families today. Young adults, couples and elderly struggle with anxiety, depression, panic attacks, sex addiction, abuse, incest, sleep disorders, divorce, mid-life illness, death and many more problems. The family has dramatically changed over the last 30 years. This results in the deterioration of morals, values, beliefs, priorities, and life styles. Such disjointed social systems where an individual is so aloof from family would definitely show rejection and lack of trust to other members of the society especially those from alien cultures. Lack of harmony in family structures ultimately lead to lack of harmony in multi-cultural society. 3. Disillusioned Youth Young people are taught in our schools and colleges that ethics, morals, right and wrong depend upon the situation. Some teachers and professors use the concept of Values Clarification to inculcate students that their desires represent valid moral and ethical values. Many of these people have come of age and are among our highest leaders today. Morality is vital in all areas of society. It is the critical education young people obtain that imparts ethical values that endow with lasting benefits. Todays teachings produce mixed results. Name calling and bulling due to racism is prevalent in British schools and educational systems. This causes discomfort to students from other cultures and creates sense of disharmony. 4. Negative Messages by Media Billboards, magazines, TV commercials, music videos all portray messages of sex, violence and extravagant lifestyles. Blood gore horror flicks or action packed ones are all full of images of violence. Even video games have element of adventure by infusing streaks of violence by use of guns, explosives, daggers. These channels of exposure to voilence makes us prone to being emotionally insensitive, and enhance trends of agression, anger and violence in the society. Violent and aggressive trends call up for dis-harmony amongst various segments of multi-cultural society. 5. Racist Behavior Racists do not like foreign people who live in the UK, either as immigrants or as visitors. Racist behavior is more widespread in areas where there are many immigrants or in towns where there are many international students. Racist behavior implies the use of slang expressions. The British Crime Survey reveals that in 2004, 87,000 people from black or minority ethnic communities said they had been a victim of a racially motivated crime. They had suffered 49,000 violent attacks, with 4,000 being wounded. At the same time 92,000 white people said they had also fallen victim of a racially motivated crime. The number of violent attacks against whites reached 77,000, while the number of white people who reported being wounded was five times the number of black and minority ethnic victims at 20,000. Most of the offenders (57%) in the racially motivated crimes identified in the British Crime Survey are not white. White victims said 82% of offenders were not white. 6. Hatered Flared due to Terrorist Attacks According to a report by BBC race-hate crimes increased by almost 600 per cent in London in the month after the July 7 bomb attacks, with 269 more offenses allegedly motivated by religious hatred reported to the Metropolitan Police, compared to the same period last year.  [1]  Muslim community living in Britian becomes subjected to harsh attitudes because they are all believed to be from terrorist groups. Religious leaders of Muslim groups hold the view that government and race bodies for pursuing a policy which, he claims, has alienated Muslims. These views were stated to be absurd by the Commission for Racial Equality. This rift between those representing Muslim community and the Commission for Racial Equality reflect a deep set sense of opposing views. Suggestions to Enhance Understanding and Harmony amongst Various Sections of British Society Media Propagation Media can play a vital role in promoting peace and harmony oriented messages. Role of Educational Systems Children and students should be taught respect and tolerance for other cultural and religious trends prevalent. They must be taught to tolerate and accept rather than to retaliate and reject. Students from different ethnic backgrounds should be encouraged to share knowledge about their cultural heritage, and the teacher can add the element of fun and interactive learning in the whole process, so that the students affiliate positivity with this exercise. At higher educational level, knowledge can be shared on wider platforms through tutorial, or intellectual discussions. Role of Government and Legal Bodies Fair and transparent government mechanisms, policy making, and legal framework. Human rights should be followed rigidly and justice should be available to all regardless of color, race or religion. Role of Peace Organizations Various organizations can come into play to drive peace and harmony campaigns. For example, Peace Boat has been active in the field of education for peace and sustainability through the organization of educational voyages, based o ­n lectures, workshops and study-exchange programmes both o ­nboard the ship and in ports of call. Their Global University and International Student (IS) programmes provide innovative approaches to peace and sustainability-related studies through intensive learning onboard and direct exposure to issues in various countries. Equal Opportunities and Freedom to Express Cultural Values Government should ensure equal opportunities regarding availability of basic necessities, housing, education, health care, employment should be available to all the communities and social stratas of UK. People should not feel awkward to expressing their cultural norms in anyway. Law should be made flexible to allow people to wear hijabs and veils (Muslim women), turbans (Sikhs) etc at work and educational places. Government should ensure that the performance of various religious cultural activities and festivals are not hindered in any way. Changes at Individual Level At the end of the day all these suggestions can add up to be nil if each one of us individually fails to take others as they are. Each one of us must work and evaluate our holistic approach of going about things. No one can compel us to exhibit tolerance or respect towards other communities unless we feel the need to do so within ourselves. The question might be: Why the need to change anyway? The answer: Change for a secure, peaceful and brighter tomorrow! Policy Areas to be covered by Government to Promote a Multi-cultural Society In UK 50 years ago, when for the first time the effect of mass immigration was experienced, the need for policy, political and legal changes was felt. With this the concern of the Government was to integrate and assimilate the incoming groups into host communities. Policy making is very crucial as it can help in formulating policies which helps in determining the representation which various ethnicities receives in television or press. It helps in determining the code of conduct for these communities, the dress code, and content of education, the freedom for observing religious holidays and to celebrate festivals. With the years Multiculturalism has initiated many disputes but the The UK Government has focused less on establishment of multicultural policy and more on issues of inclusion and cohesion. While it was principally ignored under Margaret Thatchers Government the success of New Labor has meant that the term has grow to be a common currency in political debate and in policy making. In 1997 the ODPM was given task for a social exclusion unit which aims to embark on research into a number of different areas. Social inclusion and cohesion are not just used in relation to diverse ethnic groups but are the basis for policy making in a number of other areas such as mental health, early years education and homelessness. Issues of inclusion cover a host of areas and can range from the numbers of ethnic minorities using childcare facilities, to those undertaking further education of some kind to increase their employment prospects. Policy making aimed at reducing inequalities in both the labor and the housing market. In order to be successful anti-racist strategies need to be multi-faceted and aimed at subjective, institutional, and structural racism. Past policies have been deficiently focused because there is no clear consensus in Britain what equal opportunity and multiculturalism mean either in ideological or practical terms. According to a Policy Studies Institute (1982) report found that in the majority of diverse ethnic communities rates of unemployment were twice as elevated among these groups as they were in the governing host group. There is a continuing disparity in terms of wages, exclusionary modes of hiring and higher unemployment rates, certain ethnic groups experience greater success in the labor market than do others. Housing policies also tend to discriminate against asylum seekers/refugees and other diverse ethnic groups. Clearly there are problems in the categorization of diverse ethnic grou ps and in present policy making, which, instead of greater inclusion sometimes tends to further leave out such groups. In the light of above mentioned scenario of policy decisions and proceedings, it is suggested that to sustain and promote a healthy Multi-cultural Society the Government should address the following policy areas: 1. Economic Policy Areas Economic policies should attract intellectual capital, trade, skilled migration, education, tourism, and science/technology. Establish partnerships between government agencies and business, industry, tourism, and education sectors to promote and maximize the economic advantages of cultural diversity and promote the State as a destination to work and live together. Develop supporting strategies for multiculturalism in international relations, tourism, trade and export areas. Develop educational and promotional activities to increase awareness of the economic benefits of multiculturalism. Develop strategies in the public sector to better capture the benefits of a diverse workforce. 2. Policies to Support Communities Policies should be developed for funding and investing in communities to further multiculturalism through research, policy development, advocacy, community awareness, festivals, services, projects and networks. Policies should be formulated in consultation with agencies and stakeholders in the community and across government on multicultural affairs. 3. Policies to Strengthen Multiculturalism in the Public Sector Government agencies should ensure that regardless of cultural and linguistic backgrounds, all communities have equal access to services. 4. Policies to Strengthen Community relations and anti-racism Policies should be designed for strengthening the sense of belonging in their local environment and in the global community. Policies should be taken up to promote positive and cohesive community relations across the whole community through a renewed community relations plan. 5. Policies to Develop Multicultural Education in British Schools Educational systems should be developed keeping in view the requirements and cultural backgrounds of students coming from various backgrounds. Methods of teaching and interaction should promote multi-cultural harmony amongst the students. 6. Policies for Equal Opportunities Policies should be developed to eunsure that people from all communities have equal access to basic necessities, housing, education, health care, and employment Transparency in Government Operations Transparency in government operations will definitely bring in good understanding between different sections of society. In principle, a basic requirement for transparency in the overall structure and functions of government is a clear demarcation of the boundaries between the public and private sectors and, within the former, between different levels of government with respect to the state enterprise sector.  [2]  Transparent government operations would mean sound government policies, administrative frameworks, finances, good governance, and overall fiscal integrity. Transparent government operations would be accountable to all the communities dwelling in the UK. It would clearly distinguish provision of rights, protection by law and facilities by the government to the people. This would cumulate a sense of justice and equality in the society and hence promote greater level of social security and harmony. Role of Public in Promoting Harmony and Understanding Public can play a major role in promoting harmony by abiding by the law and respecting multicultural policies. As discussed earlier each one of use must develop a sense of tolerance and respect for other members of the society. Public can actively participate in other communities cultural activities and not only promote a sense of harmony but also learn about other cultures. At homes parents must teach their children how to respect and deal politely with foreign children at schools. At work place, shopping malls, community centers we must learn to respect and treat all members of the community equally. *********************** REFRENCES: Giddens, A., Sociology, 2001, 4th Edition, Cambridge, Polity Press. Skellington R. and Morris, P., Race in Britain Today, 1992, London, Sage. Braham, P. Rattansi, A. and Skellington, R., Racism and Antiracism, 1982, London, Sage. The Roots of Multiculturalism, Retrieved on 21st March 2010, from : http://www.law-essays-uk.com/free-essays/multi-culturalism-in-social-policy.php Winnail, Douglas S., Moral Decline Ahead, 2002, Volume 4, Issue 4, Retrieved on 19th March 2010 from : http://www.tomorrowsworld.org/cgi-bin/tw/tw-mag.cgi?category=Magazine19item=1104106519 Daniel, Finaz and Begawan, Bandar SeriConcern over decline in moral values, February 21, 2008, The Brunei Times, Retrieved on 20th March 2010, from : http://www.bt.com.bn/en/home_news/2008/02/21/concern_over_decline_in_moral_values Racism, UK Student Life 2002-2009, Retrieved 19th March 2010 from : http://www.ukstudentlife.com/Personal/Safety.htm#Racism Racism in the United Kingdom , Retrieved 19th March 2010 from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-3#cite_note-3 Freeman, Simon, Britain urged to wake up to race crisis, The Times, September 22, 2005, Retrieved on 20th March 2010, from: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article569491.ece Muslims alienated by UK policy, October, 2001, Retrieved on 20th March 2010 from : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1630513.stm Tatsuya, Yoshioka and Mari, Kushibuchi, Education for Peace Sustainability, Peace Boat, Retrieved on 19th March 2010 from: http://www.peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_ckey=240 Braham, P. Rattansi, A. and Skellington, Racism and Antiracism, 1992, London, Sage. Solomos, J and Back, L., Racism and Society, 1996, London, Macmillan Press. Modood, T. and Berthood R., Ethnic Minorities in Britain Diversities and Disadvantage, 1997, London, PSI. Multicultural Queensland making a world of difference, 2004, Queensland Government Multicultural Policy, Retrieved on 21st March 2010 from http://www.multicultural.qld.gov.au/media/maq_making_world_difference_policy.pdf Transparency in government operations, Retrieved on 20th March 2010, from: http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LyCV9MlnLPYpsTFdkCRBW0jF039GFrJhRMnS6WNP54VSvCvQ9M1G!144947719!-2000885492?docId=5001407337

Evaluate the dramatic impact of the supernatural Essay

Shakespeare’s Hamlet, tells the story of the prince of Denmark, a headstrong and passionate young man, who is seeking revenge for the murder of his father. He achieves this but tragically loses his own life in the process. The audience of Shakespeare’s time would have been newly deemed Protestant, as Hamlet makes reference to a belief in Purgatory, is never clear whether or not Shakespeare follows a particular religious line, however the audience would certainly have been familiar with the concept. The protestant beliefs differed little from those of the Roman Catholics. The only drastic changes being the Protestants acceptance of divorce, and exclusion of the belief in Purgatory; I am thy fathers spirit, Doomed for a certain term to walk the night, And for the day confined to fast in fires Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature Are burnt and purged away (1. 5. 9-13) Whilst the existence of the ghost is a common belief in Elizabethan England, and evidence for the existence of an afterlife, he speaks of his confinement in what can be assumed to purgatory or hell. Purgatory is represented as being the state between heaven and hell in which tainted souls are purged of their crimes and sent, in a state of purity to heaven. This belief is a uniquely Catholic one. However recently, the Pope has stated that Purgatory is a state of mind rather than a physical place, and whilst a person is in that state of mind, repenting of their sins, they will be allowed to enter heaven upon death. This reflects upon a change in the nature of the Catholic Church as well as a laxity in the structure of religious education. Religion in Shakespeare’s England was a much more prominent part of life than it is in comparison with today. The multicultural nation we live in now was then dominated by the chosen religion of the monarch. At this point the religion was Protestantism. As Elizabeth the first was on the throne. Whilst being a protestant, Elizabeth was recorded as being tolerant of Catholic beliefs. This adjustment to a protestant life would still have left some remnants of Catholicism in its path. Redemption and the state of the immortal soul after death was one of the main beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Protestant faith, however to less of an extent and this is reflected as it is one of the main themes in Hamlet. This manifests itself in several ways. For example, it is Hamlet’s belief in the afterlife and desire to act as ultimate judge is what stays his hand as Claudius unwittingly tries to pray in the church; A villain kills my father, and for that I his sole do this same villain send To heaven! Claudius, as he appeared to be praying, would have died in a state of grace with god and gone to purgatory or heaven rather than hell, which is where Hamlet would much prefer Claudius spent eternity. This is in line with the religious beliefs of the time. Therefore to the audience of the time, hell would have been a much more real and present threat than today. As attendance at church was mandatory and punishable by time in the stocks, the majority of the audience would be familiar with the concept. The heat of hell is another concept the audience would have been familiar with is the heat of hell. Shakespeare makes reference to this in act one scene five, and it is also a point of reference in the bible; And shall cast them into a furnace of fire; there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 13:42) At this point in history, the bible was first being translated from Latin into English. So religion reached the British public on mass on new levels. In Hamlet, the fires and sulphur of hell are3 referred to initially by the ghost; When I to sulph’rous and tormenting flames Must render up myself (1. 5. 2-3) Whether the ghost of Old Hamlet is residing in hell or Purgatory is an issue which Shakespeare leaves open and unresolved. This leaves the Shakespearean audience with the question of whether there was a hope of redemption for Old Hamlet, and in relation themselves. The ghost uses a great deal of apocalyptic imagery, heightening the dramatic impact of his words on the modern and contextual audience; Oh horrible, oh horrible, most horrible! If thou hast nature in thee bare it not Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest (1. 5. 80-84). The relationship between Claudius and Gertrude would have been seen as incest n Shakespeare’s time, whilst it would be more acceptable today. This declaration is seen coming from the mouth of the ghost. To a contextual audience, this would greatly increase the sense of urgency, and condemn incest as being against god. This shows the audience of Shakespeare’s time was far more greatly affected by the supernatural, religion and the afterlife than today. As today, our understanding of religious teaching is far less comprehensive than this, and applies to a far smaller proportion of society. Shakespeare’s accuracy regarding religious beliefs of the time would have had a far larger impact on the audiences of the time, as these beliefs directly related to their lives. These beliefs were taken a great deal more seriously by the majority of the country. Evidence for this is that the clergy, in the social hierarchy was second to the nobility; the church was often consulted in parliamentary matters. In contrast to today, where the church, still an influential force, is influential over far fewer people. To a modern audience, Hamlet offers an insight into the mindset of the 1600’s audience. This interest in the afterlife, and the duality between life and death occurs in more than one of his plays. Macbeth for example is fully aware of the apocalyptic consequences of murdering the king, placed there by god. Today, the divine right of kings is less of an issue as we live in a country run by an elected parliament based on a voting system involving universal suffrage. A similarity between the Shakespearean audience’s perception and a modern audiences perception of Hamlet is the human fascination with death and the afterlife. Shakespeare clearly shows the Roman Catholic perception of death, one of the few acceptable at the time. This would have relevance to a much smaller percentage of the modern audience. Rather than appeal to the darker side of a Roman Catholic belief, Hamlet tempts the inquisitive and growing, almost pagan darkness in society. The ghost of Old Hamlet is the most vivid appearance of the supernatural directly influencing the play. It is a crucial issue whether or not the ghost is the past king of Denmark.

The Controversy of Deforestation Essay - 2601 Words

The Controversy of Deforestation Environmental issues affect every life on this planet from the smallest parasite to the human race. There are many resources that humans and animal needs to survive; some of the most obvious resources come from the forests. Forests make up a large percentage of the globe. The forests have global implications not just on life but on the quality of it. Trees improve the quality of the air that species breath, determine rainfall and replenish the atmosphere. The wood from the forests are used everyday form many useful resources. Moreover, thinning the forests increases the amount of available light, nutrients and water for the remaining trees. Deforestation (forest thinning) is one of the most†¦show more content†¦To begin, forest based industrialization is based on forest resources that are used to stimulate economic growth and development. One of the products that have been most important to human economies has always been wood. Wood is durable, light weight, easily work ed, waterproof, and a good fiber source. Wood is used in almost every aspect of our lives, for building materials, living, and just surviving. We need wood to build our homes to live in and buildings in which we work and spend the other resource that comes from trees â€Å"money†. Studies show that 70% of the products that we use a day are made of some kind of wood. If we were to look around our homes and count all the items that are made of wood we would probably find that 60 percent are made of wood. Without wood humans and other species would never be able to survive. Another pro argument of deforestation is the issue of fuel wood in rural areas. The use of fuel wood in the growing cities contrasts strictly with the more familiar patterns of rural areas. The growth of energy used in rural household still dominates the energy budgets of many developing countries, especially in the poorer countries such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Nigeria. Most fuel wood is used in the household. The concept of an energy transition, however, is central to any understanding energy in urban areas. AsShow MoreRelated The Controversy of Deforestation Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pages The affect of environmental issues occur everyday and in particular deforestation is becoming a highly ranked subject. From animals to the human race, the alacrity of trees that are cut down affects every individual in a variety of ways. Not only do people need to help the planet but they need to help themselves and further generations to come, such as children and grandchildr en because these natural resources that are being taken away from society are as well shaping the future. For comprehensibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Fossil Fuels On The Environment1734 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropogenic (human influenced) activities in comparison to natural influences have more of an impact on the environment. Since the industrial era carbon concentrations in the atmosphere have increased by thirty percent. The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are the two largest human caused contributors to high carbon concentration levels (NOAA). These harmful emissions causing an increase in the global average temperature and pace of glacial melt. The majority of environmental scientists believe thatRead MoreTaking a Look at Deforestation980 Words   |  4 PagesDeforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. Half of the world’s tropical forests have been cleared or degraded. Some people ask why forestsâ €™ are being cleared. It is typically done to make more land available for other things like housing, cash crops, oil, and cattle ranching. Most of what everyone does with deforestation is said to be illegal. Common methods of deforestation are clear cutting and burning trees. The burning method canRead MoreGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and1400 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and emissions are held responsible for this situation developing. The climate change is the result, and a factor of global warming. There are several factors impacting global warming, and these include ozone layer depletion, carbon cycle, pollution, human actions, and orbit of the earth. There is a debateRead MoreEssay Deforestation of The Pacific Northwest1212 Words   |  5 Pages Deforestation of the Pacific Northwest One of the most controversial areas associated with the global problem of deforestation is the Pacific Northwest of the US. The problem can be broken down into several issues that all tie in together. These include the near extinction of the Northern Spotted Owl, the business aspect of logging versus the environmental aspect, and the role of the government in this problem. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed. This enabledRead MoreDeforestation of the Pacific Northwest1216 Words   |  5 PagesDeforestation of the Pacific Northwest One of the most controversial areas associated with the global problem of deforestation is the Pacific Northwest of the US. The problem can be broken down into several issues that all tie in together. These include the near extinction of the Northern Spotted Owl, the business aspect of logging versus the environmental aspect, and the role of the government in this problem. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) was passed. This enabled the Dept. ofRead MoreEnvironmental Issue: Tropical Rainforest Deforestation1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world, deforestation has become a major problem. The rainforest is arguably the most complicated and largely interwoven ecosystem on land. However, this treasure is being lost and demolished day by day, the land being cleared away for the pure interest of money making, in the process of deforestation. Not only are thousands of species of organisms being driven to extinction, but we are also effectively eliminating any chance of studying many of the species. Also, deforestation has a majorRead MoreWe Must Stop Global Climate Change1417 Words   |  6 PagesClimate Change; any of these examples could thoroughly destroy a city. By altering our weather, health, and economy, Global Climate Change has affected life as we know it today, and it is vital that humans take action by reducing emissions, halting deforestation, fighting misinformation, and preparing for impacts. Global Climate Change was discovered in 1896 by a Swedish scientist, Svante Arrhenius. The scientist proposed, as humanity burned fossil fuels such as coal, which added carbon dioxide gas toRead MoreRelation Between Architecture And The Environment.this Topic On Human Intervention Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesunfortunately a downside of it. The human success was so overwhelming that at some point of history, it eventually became harmful to the nature and began to threaten its very existence. This can be taken as the very core of all discussions about the controversy between nature and culture. Architecture cannot be taken an exemption from this consideration Architecture by all means is a cultural phenomenon, there is no doubt about that; but even so, it is a fundamental discussion to what degree that the humanRead MoreClimate Warming : Global Warming Essay1095 Words   |  5 Pagesregulations. Global warming is causing a large impact to nature and humanity in the 21st century. One side of the controversy is that global warming is a real threat to life on Earth because human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Deforestation is a human influence because they’ve been cutting down trees to produce papers, wood, build houses, etc. Deforestation is an issue because carbon dioxide will concentrate in the atmosphere because the trees usually absorb the carbon

The Civil War America s Most Memorable War - 957 Words

The Civil War is America’s most memorable war that took place in 1861- 1865. This war was fought over that facts of which the United States would become a confederate with its own states, or all united under a government that promised that every person was created equally. Which meant that there wouldn’t be any more slavery allowed unless a serious crime was committed that person would become a slave to the government by law. When this law was passed the whole south of America went hysterical because that is where slavery was at its worst. This riot in the south caused a war between the northern states and the southern states. In this war many lives were lost as never before in the short period of time it took place. Not only in the battles were they lost but also some died from injuries, dehydration, lack of food and supplies needed, or diseases. In 1861, there were minor battles taking place between the two opposing sides; but the real battles started in 1862. The fir st major battle was in Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, and Georgia. By the time 1864 came around the North came up with a new plan to overcome the South. At first it was to give them a little bit of what they had, that the south would soon get over it and move on. But since that didn’t seem to happen and they only got angrier, the North decided to give them a full on war to destroy the South’s’ way of thinking that slavery should be allowed. Robert E. Lee was the general of theShow MoreRelatedThere Are Many People Who Argue What The Real Cause Or1651 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many people who argue what the real cause or causes of the civil war was. I believe there are many causes but the main cause would be the issue of the southern states not wanting to get rid of chattel slavery. The southern states were dependent on slavery for the production of their economics. The southern states would fight for their policies to over exten d into the blossoming states rather than the northern polices. President Abraham Lincoln, without a single vote from the southernRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1258 Words   |  6 Pages In the 1700s, America was striving off of crops. The king of all crops was cotton. With cotton demands increased, so did the need for enslaved Africans to pick the cotton. The southern states of America were happy with cotton being king and wanted to expand north to increase cotton production. The northern states did not agree with the idea of having land used for cotton, or having Africans in the north. Northerners argued for America to transition from an agricultural economy to an industrial economyRead MoreThe Novel The Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1385 Words   |  6 PagesFrom April 12, 1861 to April 9, 1865 the United States of America was at a war unlike any other in its history; a war against itself. This civil war was fought between the North, known as the Union and the South, known as the Confederacy. Its most memorable battle was the Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest and most costly of our nation s history. The attitudes of the Northern leaders and the Southern lead ers during the Civil War were both distinct and comparable. Michael Shaara captures the disparateRead MoreThe Fight For Freedom For Equality947 Words   |  4 Pagestheir country in times of need. World War II in particular helped pave the way for African Americans to finally begin being recognized as people of equal value, of equal social status and establish post war integration of the military. With that being said African Americans were still segregated when World War II began and still faced hardships regardless of their selfless acts of enlisting and fighting for our freedom. For many African Americans, the war offered an opportunity to get out ofRead MoreRacial Discrimination Has Been A Chronic Problem854 Words   |  4 PagesOne of man kind’s most baffling imperfections is discrimination. For some reason most men cannot accept that it is okay to be different from each other and also, that being different does not make one person less than. Throughout history racial discrimination has been a chronic problem. African’s were sought after as the premium slave. Racial slavery was a global trade that lasted for hundreds of years. When America was formed slavery transferred over to the new country. In America there were supportersRead MoreGettysburg the Speech1357 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues and beliefs of the country. This assertion can be affirmed with the speech s enduring presence in the US culture. Notwithstanding its noticeable place cut into stone units on the south divider of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Gettysburg Address is every now and again pointed to in works of popular culture. With the understood motive that contemporary crowds can be acquainted with Lincoln s expressions. The Gettysburg Address is an address by U.S. President Abraham LincolnRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The Roaring Twenties1001 Words   |  5 Pagespassed; the outlaw of alcoholic beverages and the right for women to vote, which ones of the many reasons society was turning their backs on Progressivism. Republicans were beginning to return to their previous dominance. The 1920’s was an economic boom for America, including everything from an increase in jobs, a rise in plentiful goods, new consumer products, and the reduction of taxes. The country was filled with jazz music, dance, and what appeared to be a brighter future. The 1929 crashRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg By Bruce Caton1453 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation is made up of mostly farmers (The Battle of Gettysburg 1863: Page 5: Paragraph 2: Line 1). This battle was part of the civil war and is known as the turning point of this war. Gettysburg is also known as one of the bloodiest battles ever fought in Americ a ( The Battle of Gettysburg by Bruce Caton: Introduction: Paragraph 2: Line 1). A large cause of the civil war was the difference of opinion on whether slavery should be abolished in the United States. The southern states relied on slaveRead MoreEssay The Importance of Fallout Shelters1039 Words   |  5 PagesCold war. The fallout shelter represents the atomic age and how families got through nuclear attacks. A lot was contributed in the making of these shelters, and they kept families together. Time and effort to keep America safe is what made these shelters important to American History. Not only are the fallout shelters a symbol of the cold war and fear, but it also significantly impacted America because they protected Americans from radioactive debris, gave America shelter in a time of war, and itRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s President Of The United States1476 Words   |  6 Pageswell known as the President who led our nation through the First World War Wilson also happens to be well remembered through Wilson’s famous Fourteen Points. President Wilson had also led America through important events on the domestic front and in her foreign affairs. Almost every American has heard of President Thomas Woodrow Wilson as his legacy is still seen in America today as all his choices had a significant effect on America and her future. During President Wilson’s presidential terms, American

Propaganda in American Media Essay - 805 Words

Propaganda in American Media One of the greatest revolutions in the twentieth century was not political in nature, however, it aided in many different political revolutions. This revolution was the communications revolution. The twentieth century has experienced one of the greatest changes in means of communication including technologies such as radio, motion pictures, the Internet, advanced communications and most importantly the television. Sadly, political leaders and the government to convince or persuade the masses that their ideas supercede those of others have utilized these technologies. Television, more so than any other form of communication, has been the ultimate tool of the propaganda effort. It is the trustworthiest†¦show more content†¦Therefore, what we mostly see on the screen is what the sponsors promote, which are usually mechanisms to keep society stable. This exactly what American media was doing from the muckrakers of the 20s to the war in Kosovo in the 90s. Let us now look at so me examples of the use of TV as a mean of control over society. Before January 1991, public opinion polls showed that the American public was split into two groups, 50% each, about whether the U.S. should attack Iraq or not. Historians say however, if any anti-war voices had been heard in the mass media at this time, the outcome could have been completely different. The second example turns out to be a tragic one, when we talk about the freedom of speech. After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the pictures of the irradiated Japanese were not made available to the American public until the 1980s. In both cases we see the control of society through TV, by those who control it, and directing society toward a certain destination, which is found to be the way forward for the humanity, and keeping the system together by creating a popular culture based on consumerism; turns out to be a modern way of practicing authority in our lives. Unites States government is by far not the on ly organization that has utilized methods of propagandaShow MoreRelated Media Propaganda Hides American Terrorism Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesMedia Propaganda Hides American Terrorism    An article in this months Stuff magazine for men, titled Die American Scum tells us that the world sucks. It sucks because while Americans have given other countries Mickey Mouse, burgers and gum, won wars for them, kept the peace and disposed of dictators, all we have gotten in return is terrorism. The article, by John Parrish, goes on to discourage Americans from traveling to 10 terrorist countries including Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, ColombiaRead MoreHow Did Propaganda / Media Impact Americans During Wwi?1951 Words   |  8 PagesHow did Propaganda/Media Impact Americans During WWII World War II is one of many, most horrific and crucial events in world history and one of the most important events in the 20th century. Leonard and John (2007) define propaganda as â€Å"notions, facts, or accusations that are spread purposely with the objective of furthering one’s cause or damaging an opponent’s cause†. (7) They used media and propaganda in order to increase support for their side of the war. An immense feeling of patriotism wasRead MoreMedia s Influence On Domestic Propaganda987 Words   |  4 PagesAs of 2013 the US government ended it s long time ban on domestic propaganda. (RT) However, has propaganda ever stopped? And, is this just an aggressive attempt to increase the already overwhelming amount of propaganda already swelling within the media? Many sources point out that the mainstream media has always been a source of propaganda, the tool used to persuade and guide the public in making their opinions and decisions on important issues. Personally, I m also concerned that it distractsRead MoreU.s Propaganda On Vietnam War1355 Words   |  6 Pages U.S propaganda in Vietnam War In the need of human resources, the U.S government in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century has started mobilizing young men into navy and military troops. This mobilization was preceded with heavy amount of propaganda that used big variety of different motives to recruit as many people as possible and to stop the deserters that tried to flee to the country. The motives used in propaganda ranged from hateful to nationalistic. When thinking of power, most people thinkRead More Media Use of Stereotypes Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Use of Stereotypes We live in a world of technological innovation where mass media is a major part of us today. People make assumptions on what they hear. They do not try to analyze the situation to see who is right and who is wrong, and mass media is the main source of manipulating ones mind. The concept of propaganda has changed over time. Propagandists create ideas stereotypically through the use of propaganda and use media to promote it and target peoples minds to have influenceRead MoreThe Influence of Television on American Society and Politics1709 Words   |  7 Pagesresult. Not until the introduction of newspapers, televisions and the internet, has any media had enough of an impact to alter the conclusion of a war. As the industry of newspapers and posters started to boom during the Second World War, reporters and media companies began exaggerating the story or even exacerbating the story because this fabrication made money quickly and easily. The lies and exaggerations of the media bring fea r and strike panic across the nation. With advances in technology the nationRead MoreSoviet Propaganda And The Soviet State888 Words   |  4 PagesThe origin of the soviet propaganda can be traced from the state’s very conception, as the new government worked tirelessly to convince its populace of its legitimacy. Soviet propaganda uniquely differs from other countries’ propaganda, in that the USSR’s extensive censorship and large-scale manipulation of information created the perfect circumstances for near complete control of the citizenry. Only with the arrival of Glasnost in the 1980’s did many in the Soviet state begin to doubt the legitimacyRead MoreAnalysis Of Major Themes Of Chomsky s Manufacturing Consent948 Words   |  4 PagesAs a society, us Americans tend to put stock in varied forms of mass media. From Disney to Gannett we grow up with selective views of the world and shaped opinions based on TV ratings. There are many theories on hegemony in American society. Dr. Noam Chomsky, a preeminent authority in 20th century political philosophy, discusses how news media is a tool for disseminating propaganda provided by the powerful elite in his book Manufacturing Consent. He discusses how American mass media is a tool of democracyRead MoreThe Cold War Between The United States Of America And The Soviet Union1501 Words   |  7 Pagespieces of propaganda and articles written during the time had largely impacted American popular opinion and had powerful effects on the culture among young men and women of the 1940’s and 1950’s. â€Å"The Red Iceberg† comic book cover, published and presented during the Cold War era, was one use of media that perpetuated the negative effects of Soviet Union political influence while promoting the righteousness of the United States. The visual rhetoric presented in â€Å"The Red Iceberg† propaganda, and othersRead MoreThe Role the Media Played in Helping the United St ates Join World War II1142 Words   |  5 PagesThis investigation evaluates the significance of the role the media played in helping the United States join World War Two. To be specific, World War Two occurred between the years of 1939 to 1945. A brief synopsis of the developments of media outlets and their importance prior to the war will be investigated. Leaders of all the Allie Forces will be evaluated in this essay. The essay will focus primarily on the rise of media impact on the citizens of the United States. The Soviet Union will be mentioned

Sarbanesâ€Oxley Act Free Essays

string(97) " at allowing the coherence and comparison of the financial information published by the company\." 01. [pic]Sarbanes–Oxley Act Sen. Paul Sarbanes (D–MD) and Rep. We will write a custom essay sample on Sarbanes–Oxley Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michael G. Oxley (R–OH-4), the co-sponsors of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107-204, 116  Stat. 745, enacted July  30, 2002), also known as the ‘Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act’ (in the Senate) and ‘Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act’ (in the House) and commonly called Sarbanes–Oxley, Sarbox or SOX, is a United States federal law enacted on July 30, 2002, which set new or enhanced standards for all U. S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. It is named after sponsors U. S. Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and U. S. Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH). The act was approved by the House by a vote of  Ã‚  423 in favor, 3 opposed, and 8 abstaining and by the Senate with a vote of  Ã‚  99 in favor, 1 abstaining. President George W. Bush signed it into law, stating it included â€Å"the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices of Franklin D. Roosevelt. † Outliness Sarbanes–Oxley contains 11 titles that describe specific mandates and requirements for financial reporting. Each title consists of several sections, summarized below. . Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) 2. Auditor Independence 3. Corporate Responsibility 4. Enhanced Financial Disclosures 5. Analyst Conflicts of Interest 6. Commission Resources and Authority 7. Studies and Reports 8. Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability 9. White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement 10. Corporate Tax Returns 11. Corporate Fraud Accou ntability Criticism Congressman Ron Paul and others such as former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee have contended that SOX was an unnecessary and costly government intrusion into corporate management that places U. S. orporations at a competitive disadvantage with foreign firms, driving businesses out of the United States. In an April 14, 2005 speech before the U. S. House of Representatives, Paul stated, â€Å"These regulations are damaging American capital markets by providing an incentive for small US firms and foreign firms to deregister from US stock exchanges. According to a study by a researcher at the Wharton Business School, the number of American companies deregistering from public stock exchanges nearly tripled during the year after Sarbanes–Oxley became law, while the New York Stock Exchange had only 10 new foreign listings in all of 2004. The reluctance of small businesses and foreign firms to register on American stock exchange is easily understood when one considers the costs Sarbanes–Oxley imposes on businesses. According to a survey by Korn/Ferry International, Sarbanes–Oxley cost Fortune 500 companies an average of $5. 1 million in compliance expenses in 2004, while a study by the law firm of Foley and Lardner found the Act increased costs associated with being a publicly held company by 130 percent. † During the financial crisis of 2007-2010, critics blamed Sarbanes–Oxley for the low number of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on American stock exchanges during 2008. In November 2008, Newt Gingrich and co-author David W. Kralik called on Congress to repeal Sarbanes–Oxley. Praise Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan praised the Sarbanes–Oxley Act: â€Å"I am surprised that the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, so rapidly developed and enacted, has functioned as well as it has†¦ the act importantly reinforced the principle that shareholders own our corporations and that corporate managers should be working on behalf of shareholders to allocate business resources to their optimum use. SOX has been praised by a cross-section of financial industry experts, citing improved investor confidence and more accurate, reliable financial statements. The CEO and CFO are now required to unequivocally take ownership for their financial statements under Section 302, which was not the case prior to SOX. Further, auditor conflicts of interest have been addressed, by prohibiting auditors from also having lucrative consulting agreements with the firms they audit under Section 201. SEC Chairman Christopher Cox stated in 2007: â€Å"Sarbanes–Oxley helped restore trust in U. S. markets by increasing accountability, speeding up reporting, and making audits more independent. One fraud uncovered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in November 2009 may be directly credited to Sarbanes-Oxley. The fraud which spanned nearly 20 years and involved over $24 million was committed by Value Line (NASDAQ:  VALU) against its mutual fund shareholders. The fraud was first reported to the SEC in 2004 by the Value Line Fund (NASDAQ:  VLIFX) portfolio manager who was asked to sign a Code of Business Ethics as part of SOX. Restitution totaling $34 million will be placed in a fair fund and returned to the affected Value Line mutual fund investors. No criminal charges have been filed. Legal challenges A lawsuit (Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) was filed in 2006 challenging the constitutionality (legality) of the PCAOB. The complaint argues that because the PCAOB has regulatory powers over the accounting industry, its officers should be appointed by the President, rather than the SEC. Further, because the law lacks a â€Å"severability clause,† if part of the law is judged unconstitutional, so is the remainder. If the plaintiff prevails, the U. S. Congress may have to devise a different method of officer appointment. 02. [pic]Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is a term used to refer to the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction which are generally known as Accounting Standards. GAAP includes the standards, conventions, and rules accountants follow in recording and summarizing transactions, and in the preparation of financial statements. Principles derive from tradition, such as the concept of matching. In any report of financial statements (audit, compilation, review, etc. ), the preparer/auditor must indicate to the reader whether or not the information contained within the statements complies with GAAP. †¢ Principle of regularity: Regularity can be defined as conformity to enforced rules and laws. †¢ Principle of consistency: This principle states that when a business has once fixed a method for the accounting treatment of an item, it will enter all similar items that follow in exactly the same way. Principle of sincerity: According to this principle, the accounting unit should reflect in good faith the reality of the company’s financial status. †¢ Principle of the permanence of methods: This principle aims at allowing the coherence and comparison of the financial information published by the company. You read "Sarbanes–Oxley Act" in category "Essay examples" †¢ Principle of non-c ompensation: One should show the full details of the financial information and not seek to compensate a debt with an asset, revenue with an expense, etc. see convention of conservatism) †¢ Principle of prudence: This principle aims at showing the reality â€Å"as is†: one should not try to make things look prettier than they are. Typically, revenue should be recorded only when it is certain and a provision should be entered for an expense which is probable. †¢ Principle of continuity: When stating financial information, one should assume that the business will not be interrupted. This principle mitigates the principle of prudence: assets do not have to be accounted at their disposable value, but it is accepted that they are at their historical value (see depreciation and going concern). Principle of periodicity: Each accounting entry should be allocated to a given period, and split accordingly if it covers several periods. If a client pre-pays a subscription (or lea se, etc. ), the given revenue should be split to the entire time-span and not counted for entirely on the date of the transaction. †¢ Principle of Full Disclosure/Materiality: All information and values pertaining to the financial position of a business must be disclosed in the records. Principle of Utmost Good Faith: All the information regarding to the firm should be disclosed to the insurer before the insurance policy is taken. 03. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Many countries use or are converging on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), established and maintained by the International Accounting Standards Board. In some countries, local accounting principles are applied for regular companies but listed or large companies must conforms to IFRS, so statutory reporting is comparable internationally, across jurisdictions. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are principles-based Standards, Interpretations and the Framework (1989) adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Many of the standards forming part of IFRS are known by the older name of International Accounting Standards (IAS). IAS was issued between 1973 and 2001 by the Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). On 1 April 2001, the new IASB took over from the IASC the responsibility for setting International Accounting Standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted existing IAS and SICs. The IASB has continued to develop standards calling the new standards IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards comprise: †¢ International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)—standards issued after 2001 †¢ International Accounting Standards (IAS)—standards issued before 2001 †¢ Interpretations originated from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)—issued after 2001 †¢ Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC)—issued before 2001 †¢ Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (1989) Requirements of IFRS IFRS financial statements consist of (IAS1. 8) †¢ a Statement of Financial Position †¢ a Statement of Comprehensive Income or two separate statements comprising an Income Statement and separately a Statement of Comprehensive Income, which reconciles Profit or Loss on the Income statement to total comprehensive income †¢ a Statement of Changes in Equity (SOCE) †¢ a Cash Flow Statement or Statement of Cash Flows List of IFRS statements with full text link The following IFRS statements are currently issued: †¢ IFRS 1 First time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards †¢ IFRS 2 Share-based Payment †¢ IFRS 3 Business Combinations †¢ IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts †¢ IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations †¢ IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources †¢ IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures †¢ IFRS 8 Operating Segments †¢ IFRS 9 Financial Instruments †¢ IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements. †¢ IAS 2: Inventories IAS 3: Consolidated Financial Statements Originally issued 1976, effective 1 Jan 1977. Superseded in 1989 by IAS 27 and IAS 28 †¢ IAS 4: Depreciation Accounting Withdrawn in 1999, replaced by IAS 16, 22, and 38, all of which were issued or revised in 1998 †¢ IAS 5: Information to Be Disclosed in Financial Statements Originally issued October 1976, effective 1 January 1997. Superseded by IAS 1 in 1997 †¢ IAS 6: Accounting Responses to Changing PricesSuperseded by IAS 15, which was withdrawn December 2003 †¢ IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements IAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors †¢ IAS 9: Accounting for Research and Development Activities – Superseded by IAS 38 effective 1. 7. 99 †¢ IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date †¢ IAS 11: Construction Contracts †¢ IAS 12: Income Taxes †¢ IAS 13: Presentation of Current Assets and Current Liabilities – Superseded by IAS 1. †¢ IAS 14: Segment Reporting (superseded by IFRS 8 on 1 January 2008) †¢ IAS 15: Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices – Withdrawn December 2003 †¢ IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment IAS 17: Leases †¢ IAS 18: Revenue †¢ IAS 19: Employee Benefits †¢ IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance †¢ IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchang e Rates †¢ IAS 22:Business Combinations – Superseded by IFRS 3 effective 31 March 2004 †¢ IAS 23: Borrowing Costs †¢ IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures †¢ IAS 25: Accounting for Investments – Superseded by IAS 39 and IAS 40 effective 2001 †¢ IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans †¢ IAS 27: Consolidated Financial Statements IAS 28: Investments in Associates †¢ IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies †¢ IAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions – Superseded by IFRS 7 effective 2007 †¢ IAS 31: Interests in Joint Ventures †¢ IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Presentation (Financial instruments disclosures are in IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, and no longer in IAS 32) †¢ IAS 33: Earnings Per Share †¢ IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations – Superseded by IFRS 5 effective 20 05 †¢ IAS 36: Impairment of Assets †¢ IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets †¢ IAS 38: Intangible Assets †¢ IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement †¢ IAS 40: Investment Property †¢ IAS 41: Agriculture List of Interpretations with full text link †¢ Preface to International Financial Reporting Interpretations (Updated to January 2006 †¢ IFRIC 1 Changes in Existing Decommissioning, Restoration and Similar Liabilities (Updated to January 2006) †¢ IFRIC 7 Approach under IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies (Issued February 2006) †¢ IFRIC 8 Scope of IFRS 2 (Issued February 2006)—has been eliminated with Amendments issued to IFRS 2 †¢ IFRIC 9 Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives (Issued April 2006) †¢ IFRIC 10 Interim Financial Reporting and Impairment (Issued November 2006) †¢ IFRIC 11 IFRS 2-Group and Treasury Share Transactions (Issued November 2006)—has been eliminated with Amendments issued to IFRS 2 †¢ IFRIC 12 Service Concession Arrangements (Issued November 2006) †¢ IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes (Issued in June 2007) †¢ IFRIC 14 IAS 19 – The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction (issued in July 2007) †¢ IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate (issued in July 2008) †¢ IFRIC 16 Hedges of a Net Invest ment in a Foreign Operation (issued in July 2008) †¢ IFRIC 17 Distributions of Non-cash Assets (issued in November 2008) †¢ IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers (issued in January 2009) †¢ SIC 7 Introduction of the Euro (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 10 Government Assistance-No Specific Relation to Operating Activities (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 12 Consolidation-Special Purpose Entities (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 13 Jointly Controlled Entities-Non-Monetary Contributions by Venturers (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 15 Operating Leases-Incentives (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 21 Income Taxes-Recovery of Revalued Non-Depreciable Assets (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 25 Income Taxes-Changes in the Tax Status of an Entity or its Shareholders (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 29 Disclosure-Service Concession Arrangements (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 31 Revenue-Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 32 Intangible Assets-Web Site Costs (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 33 Consolidation and equity method – Potential voting rights and allocation of ownership interests 04. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent, privately-funded accounting standard-setter based in London, England. The IASB was founded on April 1, 2001 as the successor to the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). It is responsible for developing International Financial Reporting Standards (the new name for International Accounting Standards issued after 2001), and promoting the use and application of these standards. Foundation of the IASB In April 2001, the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF), since renamed as the IFRS Foundation, was formed as a not-for-profit corporation incorporated in the US state of Delaware. The IFRS Foundation is the parent entity of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an independent accounting standard-setter based in London, England. On 1 March 2001, the IASB assumed accounting standard-setting responsibilities from its predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). This was the culmination of a restructuring based on the recommendations of the report Recommendations on Shaping IASC for the Future. The IASB structure has the following main features: the IFRS Foundation is an independent organization having two main bodies, the Trustees and the IASB, as well as a IFRS Advisory Council and the IFRS Interpretations Committee (formerly the IFRIC). The IASC Foundation Trustees appoint the IASB members, exercise oversight and raise the funds needed, but the IASB has responsibility for setting International Financial Reporting Standards (international accounting standards). IASB Members The IASB has 15 Board members, each with one vote. They are selected as a group of experts with a mix of experience of standard-setting, preparing and using accounts, and academic work. [2] At their January 2009 meeting the Trustees of the Foundation concluded the first part of the second Constitution Review, announcing the creation of a Monitoring Board and the expansion of the IASB to 16 members and giving more consideration to the geographical composition of the IASB. The IFRS Interpretations OF Committee has 14 members. Its brief is to provide timely guidance on issues that arise in practice. A unanimous vote is not necessary in order for the publication of a Standard, exposure draft, or final â€Å"IFRIC† Interpretation. The Board’s 2008 Due Process manual stated that approval by nine of the members is required. Funding The IFRS Foundation raises funds for the operation of the IASB. [7] Most contributors are banks and other companies which use or have an interest in promoting international standards. In 2008, American companies gave ? 2. 4m, more than those of any other country. However, contributions fell in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, and a shortfall was reported in 2010. 05. The Basel Committee The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking supervision worldwide. It seeks to do so by exchanging information on national supervisory issues, approaches and techniques, with a view to promoting common understanding. At times, the Committee uses this common understanding to develop guidelines and supervisory standards in areas where they are considered desirable. In this regard, the Committee is best known for its international standards on capital adequacy; the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision; and the Concordat on cross-border banking supervision. The Committee’s members come from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The present Chairman of the Committee is Mr Nout Wellink, President of the Netherlands Bank. The Committee encourages contacts and cooperation among its members and other banking supervisory authorities. It circulates to supervisors throughout the world both published and unpublished papers providing guidance on banking supervisory matters. Contacts have been further strengthened by an International Conference of Banking Supervisors (ICBS) which takes place every two years. The Committee’s Secretariat is located at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, and is staffed mainly by professional supervisors on temporary secondment from member institutions. In addition to undertaking the secretarial work for the Committee and its many expert sub-committees, it stands ready to give advice to supervisory authorities in all countries. Mr Stefan Walter is the Secretary General of the Basel Committee. Main Expert Sub-Committees The Committee’s work is organised under four main sub-committees: †¢ The Standards Implementation Group †¢ The Policy Development Group †¢ The Accounting Task Force †¢ The Basel Consultative Group Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking laws and regulations issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The purpose of Basel II, which was initially published in June 2004, is to create an international standard that banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much capital banks need to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face. Advocates of Basel II believe that such an international standard can help protect the international financial system from the types of problems that might arise should a major bank or a series of banks collapse. In theory, Basel II attempted to accomplish this by setting up risk and capital management requirements designed to ensure that a bank holds capital reserves appropriate to the risk the bank exposes itself to through its lending and investment practices. Generally speaking, these rules mean that the greater risk to which the bank is exposed, the greater the amount of capital the bank needs to hold to safeguard its solvency and overall economic stability. Objective The final version aims at: 1. Ensuring that capital allocation is more risk sensitive; 2. Separating operational risk from credit risk, and quantifying both; 3. Attempting to align economic and regulatory capital more closely to reduce the scope for regulatory arbitrage. The Accord in operation Basel II uses a â€Å"three pillars† concept – (1) minimum capital requirements (addressing risk), (2) supervisory review and (3) market discipline. The Basel I accord dealt with only parts of each of these pillars. For example: with respect to the first Basel II pillar, only one risk, credit risk, was dealt with in a simple manner while market risk was an afterthought; operational risk was not dealt with at all. The first pillar The first pillar deals with maintenance of regulatory capital calculated for three major components of risk that a bank faces: credit risk, operational risk, and market risk. Other risks are not considered fully quantifiable at this stage. The credit risk component can be calculated in three different ways of varying degree of sophistication, namely standardized approach, Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB. IRB stands for â€Å"Internal Rating-Based Approach†. For operational risk, there are three different approaches – basic indicator approach or BIA, standardized approach or TSA, and the internal measurement approach (an advanced form of which is the advanced measurement approach or AMA). For market risk the preferred approach is VaR (value at risk). As the Basel 2 recommendations are phased in by the banking industry it will move from standardised requirements to more refined and specific requirements that have been developed for each risk category by each individual bank. The upside for banks that do develop their own bespoke risk measurement systems is that they will be rewarded with potentially lower risk capital requirements. In future there will be closer links between the concepts of economic profit and regulatory capital. Credit Risk can be calculated by using one of three approaches: 1. Standardised Approach 2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approach 3. Advanced IRB Approach The standardised approach sets out specific risk weights for certain types of credit risk. The standard risk weight categories are used under Basel 1 and are 0% for short term government bonds, 20% for exposures to OECD Banks, 50% for residential mortgages and 100% weighting on unsecured commercial loans. A new 150% rating comes in for borrowers with poor credit ratings. The minimum capital requirement (the percentage of risk weighted assets to be held as capital) remains at 8%. For those Banks that decide to adopt the standardised ratings approach they will be forced to rely on the ratings generated by external agencies. Certain Banks are developing the IRB approach as a result. The second pillar The second pillar deals with the regulatory response to the first pillar, giving regulators much improved ‘tools’ over those available to them under Basel I. It also provides a framework for dealing with all the other risks a bank may face, such as systemic risk, pension risk, concentration risk, strategic risk, reputational risk, liquidity risk and legal risk, which the accord combines under the title of residual risk. It gives banks a power to review their risk management system. The third pillar This pillar aims to promote greater stability in the financial system Market discipline supplements regulation as sharing of information facilitates assessment of the bank by others including investors, analysts, customers, other banks and rating agencies. It leads to good corporate governance. The aim of pillar 3 is to allow market discipline to operate by requiring lenders to publicly provide details of their risk management activities, risk rating processes and risk distributions. It sets out the public disclosures that banks must make that lend greater insight into the adequacy of their capitalization. When marketplace participants have a sufficient nderstanding of a bank’s activities and the controls it has in place to manage its exposures, they are better able to distinguish between banking organizations so that they can reward those that manage their risks prudently and penalize those that do not. 06. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) The Financial Account ing Standards Board (FASB) is a private, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose is to develop generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public’s interest. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) designated the FASB as the organization responsible for setting accounting standards for public companies in the U. S. It was created in 1973, replacing the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) and the Accounting Principles Board (APB) of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Mission statement The FASB’s mission is â€Å"to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information. † To achieve this, FASB has five goals: †¢ Improve the usefulness of financial reporting by focusing on the primary characteristics of relevance and reliability, and on the qualities of comparability and consistency. †¢ Keep standards current to reflect changes in methods of doing business and in the economy. Consider promptly any significant areas of deficiency in financial reporting that might be improved through standard setting. †¢ Promote international convergence of accounting standards concurrent with improving the quality of financial rep orting. †¢ Improve common understanding of the nature and purposes of information in financial reports. FASB pronouncements In order to establish accounting principles, the FASB issues pronouncements publicly, each addressing general or specific accounting issues. These pronouncements are: †¢ Statements of Financial Accounting Standards †¢ Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts †¢ FASB Interpretations FASB Technical Bulletins †¢ EITF Abstracts FASB 11 Concepts 1. Money measurement 2. Entity 3. Going concern 4. Cost 5. Dual aspect 6. Accounting period 7. Conservation 8. Realization 9. Matching 10. Consistency 11. Materiality 07. Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) In 1939, encouraged by the SEC, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) formed the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP). From 1939 to 1959, CAP issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins that dealt with issues as they arose. CAP had only limited success because it did not develop an overall accounting framework, but rather, acted upon specific problems as they arose. Accounting Principles Board (APB) In 1959, the AICPA replaced CAP with the Accounting Principles Board (APB), which issued 31 opinions and 4 statements until it was dissolved in 1973. GAAP essentially arose from the opinions of the APB. The APB was criticized for its structure and for several of its positions on controversial topics. In 1971 the Wheat Committee (chaired by Francis Wheat) was formed to evaluate the APB and propose changes. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) The Wheat Committee recommended the replacement of the Accounting Principles Board with a new standards-setting structure. This new structure was implemented in 1973 and was made up of three organizations: Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC). Of these organizations, FASB (pronounced â€Å"FAS-B†) is the primary operating organization. Unlike the APB, FASB was designed to be an independent board comprised of members who have severed their ties with their employers and private firms. FASB issues statements of financial accounting standards, which define GAAP. The AICPA issues audit guides. When a conflict occurs, FASB rules. International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was formed in 1973 to encourage international cooperation in developing consistent worldwide accounting principles. In 2001, the IASC was succeeded by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an independent private sector body that is structured similar to FASB. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) The financial reports of state and local goverment entities are not directly comparable to those of businesses. In 1984, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) was formed to set standards for the financial reports of state and local government. GASB was modeled after FASB. How to cite Sarbanes–Oxley Act, Essay examples

The Social Responsibility Of A Business and Role Of Your Personal Valu

Question: Discuss about the Social Responsibility Of A Business Role Of Your Personal Values In Your Future Profession. Answer: Introduction Milton Friedman claimed in his 1962 book, Capitalism and Freedom, that the primary responsibility of a business is to earn and increase the profit. The businesses must engage themselves in activities, which are designed in a way to increase their profits as long as they continue their operations as per the rules and regulations, that is, engaged in free and open competition without any deception (Friedman 2009). It is a shareholder approach towards social responsibility by Friedman. The shareholders are the group that a company is socially responsible to. Hence, it is considered that the primary goal of a business is to maximize its profits and return some portions of the earned profits to the shareholders in the form of rewards for taking the risk of investing their money in the business (Brammer, Jackson and Matten 2012). Interpretation and analysis of the literature According to Friedman, in a capitalist economy, an organization must not have any social responsibility other than earning maximum profits for itself and sharing those profits with the shareholders. The shareholders are the ones with social responsibility in their private capability. He also stated that when the organization becomes concerned about the community and environment rather than concentrating on making profits, then it results in totalitarianism (Melo and Garrido-Morgado 2012). Friedman said in his doctrine that, a company is treated as an artificial person and thus, like real individuals, it has responsibilities, but those are artificial responsibilities. Therefore, in real life, businesses do not have any real responsibility; however, the responsibility lays with the people associated with the business, that is, entrepreneurs, shareholders, stakeholders etc. Therefore, it is those people, who should fulfill those social responsibilities on behalf of the organization (Bos ch-Badia, Montllor-Serrats and Tarrazon 2013). When we talk about the responsibilities of the business people, we examine their roles in the organization. The directors have fiduciary responsibilities to act for the benefits of the shareholders, while the managers are the agents of them and hence, under moral obligation to act for their best interest, which is to get maximum return of their investments in the company. The shareholders are the real owners of the business and hence, they own the profits too. However, it does not mean that the managers and the directors would act unethically for the benefits of the shareholders. They should act fairly and make profits for the interests of the shareholders (Ferrero, Michael Hoffman and McNulty 2014). For example, when a business executive has the duty to refrain the increase in price of the products, he contributes to the social objective of controlling inflation although a price rise would be beneficial for the business. Or that, he needs to increase expenditures to cut down activit ies causing pollution for the benefit of the society and environment, but that would be of the best interest of the business. Or, he might need to hire unskilled labor to reduce poverty in the society instead of skilled labor to increase the productivity. In all of these activities, the professional would work for the benefit of the society; however that reduces the profit of the company, as well as the return of the shareholders (Hall and Lawson 2014). On the other hand, the stockholders and the business people can themselves spend their money for any social responsibility if they want to. A corporate person definitely has some responsibility of his own. Hence, he might decide to donate some of his money to any social purpose that he believes in. For example, a director of a company might believe in donating some money to the flood relief charity. It is his personal choice. However, only when he earns money from the company, he would be able to donate some. Similarly, a shareholder of a company might have similar interest for doing charity. When he earns returns of his investment in the company, he would decide whether to donate some for the social benefit or how much to donate. Therefore, it is described by Friedman that, the social responsibility is the discretion of the shareholders, and not of the businesses (Ferrero, Michael Hoffman and McNulty 2014). The role of your personal values in your future profession Every human being has his own values, attitudes and beliefs that he develops throughout the course of his life. The background, culture, family, friends, social life, and all the experiences of a person help him develop the sense of who he is and how he sees the world. It is very important for a person to have a set of values to make progress in his life and at the same time, values motivate them to contribute something for the society. One can make such contribution to the community through his profession or voluntary services (Clewell and Aronson 2013). Interpretation and analysis of the literature Values are defined as the set of principles, qualities or standards that a person or a group consider in high regard. These are the guiding factors in our lives. Values direct us to live our lives in a morally respectful way and these also help us to take the decisions in life. Therefore, a value is defined as something that a person holds dear. It is a characteristic that is worth of following to live a better life and make the world better for others (Boer and Fischer 2013). The basis of the formation of a value can be various things, such as a particular belief about something, related to any particular idea or nature or behavior. The values are also backed by the tradition or culture of society. For example, some people love animals and they love to work for protecting the animals. Again, some people believe in saving the forests, while some prefer deforestation for the benefit of their profession in real estate. Hence, the values are important for living life but the impacts of the values on the profession of a person are not always specific (Jamaludin et al. 2016). Our values can influence the judgments that we make about anything in our lives. Hence, it can also influence the decisions we take in our professional lives. In the profession life, the factors such as, manners, behavior, attitude, clothes, everything reflects a certain value. Knowing the values properly can help us choosing the right career for us. Values help us in determining the priorities of life and that decides the course of actions to be taken. Values are the guiding force in our lives, which help us to take the decisions in both personal and professional lives that can lead to happiness and success (Zedler 2014). In the context of future profession, experts say that, we must define our values before opting for any particular career. For example, if a person does not believe in altruism, he cannot prosper in his career if he chooses to work for a non-profit organization, which does volunteering work for the underprivileged people. Hence, choosing a profession according to a persons values can be helpful in future. The values comprises of the things that we think and believe to be essential in our way of working and living life. The values also help us to understand if the happenings in our lives are part of our plans or unintentional (Wright, Zammuto and Liesch 2017). We can only say that our life is going good when our values and our career path match. If there is conflict in the values and the work we are doing, then our quality of life is compromised. Hence, personal values play a very important role in our career decisions. This can be explained as follows. A profession is a correct one for a person, if that makes him happy and matches his values. Many people in our surroundings are driven by a very strong determination to search and find a meaning and objective of life, which is actually a materialization of the personal values. For example, an engineer working in a reputed company might feel the urge to do something beneficial for the society. For that, he might leave his job and work for a charity or donate a large amount of money to a charity (Fearon et al. 2016). There are some professions, which are driven by personal values. Those can be explained as follows. The defense and military services of a country requires high passion towards the service of the country. Many people feel the strong sense of patriotism and believe that they could serve the country through this profession. Hence, they take this hard route to follow their heart and values and sacrifice many things by joining the military force. The medical service is another such type of profession, which requires a strong sense of personal values. The doctors are considered to be next to God. The people, who pursue to profession of doctors, are very passionate about their work, and they sacrifice their own personal lives for serving the ailing people. Many doctors leave the comfort of city life to serve the poor people in the villages. Therefore, the values of serving the poor and ailing people and find a meaning of life drive the doctors to choose this profession. Another very common example of personal value driven career is the social work. The social workers look for problems in the society and work towards solving them for the welfare of the entire society. These problems include environment, education, underprivileged sections of the society etc. People, who do social work, find their meaning of life in those works, and get satisfied that they are contributing something meaningful to the society (Kocet and Herlihy 2014). Conclusion Therefore, from the Friedman doctrine, it can be said that, the fundamental objective of the businesses in a capitalist economy should be to generate profit and keep on increasing that. The businesses do not need to perform any social responsibility, as those are the decisions of the business people and shareholders, who is benefitted from the profits earned (Friedman 2017). Hence, it can be concluded that, personal values have a very influence on the future profession choices of people. If people can match their values with their career choices, then they feel happy, satisfied and they also give their best towards their job. This way they can find a meaning of their lives. Thus, it is very important to choose a profession depending on the personal values of people. References: Boer, D. and Fischer, R., 2013. How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitudevalue linkages. Bosch-Badia, M.T., Montllor-Serrats, J. and Tarrazon, M.A., 2013. Corporate social responsibility from Friedman to Porter and Kramer. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-economic review,10(1), pp.3-28. Clewell, A.F. and Aronson, J., 2013.Ecological restoration: principles, values, and structure of an emerging profession. Island Press. Fearon, C., Nachmias, S., McLaughlin, H. and Jackson, S., 2016. Personal values, social capital, and higher education student career decidedness: a new protean-informed model.Studies in Higher Education, pp.1-23. Ferrero, I., Michael Hoffman, W. and McNulty, R.E., 2014. Must Milton Friedman embrace stakeholder theory?.Business and Society Review,119(1), pp.37-59. Friedman, M., 2009.Capitalism and freedom. University of Chicago press. Friedman, M., 2017.Milton Friedman on Freedom: Selections from The Collected Works of Milton Friedman. Hoover Press. Hall, J.C. and Lawson, R.A., 2014. Economic freedom of the world: an accounting of the literature.Contemporary Economic Policy,32(1), pp.1-19. Jamaludin, N.L., Sam, D.L., Sandal, G.M. and Adam, A.A., 2016. Personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intention of international students.SpringerPlus,5(1), p.720. Kocet, M.M. and Herlihy, B.J., 2014. Addressing value?based conflicts within the counseling relationship: A decision?making model.Journal of Counseling Development,92(2), pp.180-186. Melo, T. and Garrido?Morgado, A., 2012. Corporate reputation: A combination of social responsibility and industry.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(1), pp.11-31. Wright, A.L., Zammuto, R.F. and Liesch, P.W., 2017. Maintaining the values of a profession: Institutional work and moral emotions in the emergency department.Academy ofManagement Journal,60(1), pp.200-237. Zedler, J., 2014. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession by Andre Clewell, James Aronson (review).Landscape Journal: design, planning, andmanagement of the land,33(1), pp.77-78.