Propaganda in American Media Essay - 805 Words

Propaganda in American Media One of the greatest revolutions in the twentieth century was not political in nature, however, it aided in many different political revolutions. This revolution was the communications revolution. The twentieth century has experienced one of the greatest changes in means of communication including technologies such as radio, motion pictures, the Internet, advanced communications and most importantly the television. Sadly, political leaders and the government to convince or persuade the masses that their ideas supercede those of others have utilized these technologies. Television, more so than any other form of communication, has been the ultimate tool of the propaganda effort. It is the trustworthiest†¦show more content†¦Therefore, what we mostly see on the screen is what the sponsors promote, which are usually mechanisms to keep society stable. This exactly what American media was doing from the muckrakers of the 20s to the war in Kosovo in the 90s. Let us now look at so me examples of the use of TV as a mean of control over society. Before January 1991, public opinion polls showed that the American public was split into two groups, 50% each, about whether the U.S. should attack Iraq or not. Historians say however, if any anti-war voices had been heard in the mass media at this time, the outcome could have been completely different. The second example turns out to be a tragic one, when we talk about the freedom of speech. After the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the pictures of the irradiated Japanese were not made available to the American public until the 1980s. In both cases we see the control of society through TV, by those who control it, and directing society toward a certain destination, which is found to be the way forward for the humanity, and keeping the system together by creating a popular culture based on consumerism; turns out to be a modern way of practicing authority in our lives. 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Sarbanesâ€Oxley Act Free Essays

string(97) " at allowing the coherence and comparison of the financial information published by the company\." 01. [pic]Sarbanes–Oxley Act Sen. Paul Sarbanes (D–MD) and Rep. We will write a custom essay sample on Sarbanes–Oxley Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michael G. Oxley (R–OH-4), the co-sponsors of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107-204, 116  Stat. 745, enacted July  30, 2002), also known as the ‘Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act’ (in the Senate) and ‘Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act’ (in the House) and commonly called Sarbanes–Oxley, Sarbox or SOX, is a United States federal law enacted on July 30, 2002, which set new or enhanced standards for all U. S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. It is named after sponsors U. S. Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and U. S. Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH). The act was approved by the House by a vote of  Ã‚  423 in favor, 3 opposed, and 8 abstaining and by the Senate with a vote of  Ã‚  99 in favor, 1 abstaining. President George W. Bush signed it into law, stating it included â€Å"the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices of Franklin D. Roosevelt. † Outliness Sarbanes–Oxley contains 11 titles that describe specific mandates and requirements for financial reporting. Each title consists of several sections, summarized below. . Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) 2. Auditor Independence 3. Corporate Responsibility 4. Enhanced Financial Disclosures 5. Analyst Conflicts of Interest 6. Commission Resources and Authority 7. Studies and Reports 8. Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability 9. White Collar Crime Penalty Enhancement 10. Corporate Tax Returns 11. Corporate Fraud Accou ntability Criticism Congressman Ron Paul and others such as former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee have contended that SOX was an unnecessary and costly government intrusion into corporate management that places U. S. orporations at a competitive disadvantage with foreign firms, driving businesses out of the United States. In an April 14, 2005 speech before the U. S. House of Representatives, Paul stated, â€Å"These regulations are damaging American capital markets by providing an incentive for small US firms and foreign firms to deregister from US stock exchanges. According to a study by a researcher at the Wharton Business School, the number of American companies deregistering from public stock exchanges nearly tripled during the year after Sarbanes–Oxley became law, while the New York Stock Exchange had only 10 new foreign listings in all of 2004. The reluctance of small businesses and foreign firms to register on American stock exchange is easily understood when one considers the costs Sarbanes–Oxley imposes on businesses. According to a survey by Korn/Ferry International, Sarbanes–Oxley cost Fortune 500 companies an average of $5. 1 million in compliance expenses in 2004, while a study by the law firm of Foley and Lardner found the Act increased costs associated with being a publicly held company by 130 percent. † During the financial crisis of 2007-2010, critics blamed Sarbanes–Oxley for the low number of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on American stock exchanges during 2008. In November 2008, Newt Gingrich and co-author David W. Kralik called on Congress to repeal Sarbanes–Oxley. Praise Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan praised the Sarbanes–Oxley Act: â€Å"I am surprised that the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, so rapidly developed and enacted, has functioned as well as it has†¦ the act importantly reinforced the principle that shareholders own our corporations and that corporate managers should be working on behalf of shareholders to allocate business resources to their optimum use. SOX has been praised by a cross-section of financial industry experts, citing improved investor confidence and more accurate, reliable financial statements. The CEO and CFO are now required to unequivocally take ownership for their financial statements under Section 302, which was not the case prior to SOX. Further, auditor conflicts of interest have been addressed, by prohibiting auditors from also having lucrative consulting agreements with the firms they audit under Section 201. SEC Chairman Christopher Cox stated in 2007: â€Å"Sarbanes–Oxley helped restore trust in U. S. markets by increasing accountability, speeding up reporting, and making audits more independent. One fraud uncovered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in November 2009 may be directly credited to Sarbanes-Oxley. The fraud which spanned nearly 20 years and involved over $24 million was committed by Value Line (NASDAQ:  VALU) against its mutual fund shareholders. The fraud was first reported to the SEC in 2004 by the Value Line Fund (NASDAQ:  VLIFX) portfolio manager who was asked to sign a Code of Business Ethics as part of SOX. Restitution totaling $34 million will be placed in a fair fund and returned to the affected Value Line mutual fund investors. No criminal charges have been filed. Legal challenges A lawsuit (Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board) was filed in 2006 challenging the constitutionality (legality) of the PCAOB. The complaint argues that because the PCAOB has regulatory powers over the accounting industry, its officers should be appointed by the President, rather than the SEC. Further, because the law lacks a â€Å"severability clause,† if part of the law is judged unconstitutional, so is the remainder. If the plaintiff prevails, the U. S. Congress may have to devise a different method of officer appointment. 02. [pic]Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is a term used to refer to the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction which are generally known as Accounting Standards. GAAP includes the standards, conventions, and rules accountants follow in recording and summarizing transactions, and in the preparation of financial statements. Principles derive from tradition, such as the concept of matching. In any report of financial statements (audit, compilation, review, etc. ), the preparer/auditor must indicate to the reader whether or not the information contained within the statements complies with GAAP. †¢ Principle of regularity: Regularity can be defined as conformity to enforced rules and laws. †¢ Principle of consistency: This principle states that when a business has once fixed a method for the accounting treatment of an item, it will enter all similar items that follow in exactly the same way. Principle of sincerity: According to this principle, the accounting unit should reflect in good faith the reality of the company’s financial status. †¢ Principle of the permanence of methods: This principle aims at allowing the coherence and comparison of the financial information published by the company. You read "Sarbanes–Oxley Act" in category "Essay examples" †¢ Principle of non-c ompensation: One should show the full details of the financial information and not seek to compensate a debt with an asset, revenue with an expense, etc. see convention of conservatism) †¢ Principle of prudence: This principle aims at showing the reality â€Å"as is†: one should not try to make things look prettier than they are. Typically, revenue should be recorded only when it is certain and a provision should be entered for an expense which is probable. †¢ Principle of continuity: When stating financial information, one should assume that the business will not be interrupted. This principle mitigates the principle of prudence: assets do not have to be accounted at their disposable value, but it is accepted that they are at their historical value (see depreciation and going concern). Principle of periodicity: Each accounting entry should be allocated to a given period, and split accordingly if it covers several periods. If a client pre-pays a subscription (or lea se, etc. ), the given revenue should be split to the entire time-span and not counted for entirely on the date of the transaction. †¢ Principle of Full Disclosure/Materiality: All information and values pertaining to the financial position of a business must be disclosed in the records. Principle of Utmost Good Faith: All the information regarding to the firm should be disclosed to the insurer before the insurance policy is taken. 03. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Many countries use or are converging on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), established and maintained by the International Accounting Standards Board. In some countries, local accounting principles are applied for regular companies but listed or large companies must conforms to IFRS, so statutory reporting is comparable internationally, across jurisdictions. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are principles-based Standards, Interpretations and the Framework (1989) adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Many of the standards forming part of IFRS are known by the older name of International Accounting Standards (IAS). IAS was issued between 1973 and 2001 by the Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). On 1 April 2001, the new IASB took over from the IASC the responsibility for setting International Accounting Standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted existing IAS and SICs. The IASB has continued to develop standards calling the new standards IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards comprise: †¢ International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)—standards issued after 2001 †¢ International Accounting Standards (IAS)—standards issued before 2001 †¢ Interpretations originated from the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)—issued after 2001 †¢ Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC)—issued before 2001 †¢ Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (1989) Requirements of IFRS IFRS financial statements consist of (IAS1. 8) †¢ a Statement of Financial Position †¢ a Statement of Comprehensive Income or two separate statements comprising an Income Statement and separately a Statement of Comprehensive Income, which reconciles Profit or Loss on the Income statement to total comprehensive income †¢ a Statement of Changes in Equity (SOCE) †¢ a Cash Flow Statement or Statement of Cash Flows List of IFRS statements with full text link The following IFRS statements are currently issued: †¢ IFRS 1 First time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards †¢ IFRS 2 Share-based Payment †¢ IFRS 3 Business Combinations †¢ IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts †¢ IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations †¢ IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources †¢ IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures †¢ IFRS 8 Operating Segments †¢ IFRS 9 Financial Instruments †¢ IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements. †¢ IAS 2: Inventories IAS 3: Consolidated Financial Statements Originally issued 1976, effective 1 Jan 1977. Superseded in 1989 by IAS 27 and IAS 28 †¢ IAS 4: Depreciation Accounting Withdrawn in 1999, replaced by IAS 16, 22, and 38, all of which were issued or revised in 1998 †¢ IAS 5: Information to Be Disclosed in Financial Statements Originally issued October 1976, effective 1 January 1997. Superseded by IAS 1 in 1997 †¢ IAS 6: Accounting Responses to Changing PricesSuperseded by IAS 15, which was withdrawn December 2003 †¢ IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements IAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors †¢ IAS 9: Accounting for Research and Development Activities – Superseded by IAS 38 effective 1. 7. 99 †¢ IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date †¢ IAS 11: Construction Contracts †¢ IAS 12: Income Taxes †¢ IAS 13: Presentation of Current Assets and Current Liabilities – Superseded by IAS 1. †¢ IAS 14: Segment Reporting (superseded by IFRS 8 on 1 January 2008) †¢ IAS 15: Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices – Withdrawn December 2003 †¢ IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment IAS 17: Leases †¢ IAS 18: Revenue †¢ IAS 19: Employee Benefits †¢ IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance †¢ IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchang e Rates †¢ IAS 22:Business Combinations – Superseded by IFRS 3 effective 31 March 2004 †¢ IAS 23: Borrowing Costs †¢ IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures †¢ IAS 25: Accounting for Investments – Superseded by IAS 39 and IAS 40 effective 2001 †¢ IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans †¢ IAS 27: Consolidated Financial Statements IAS 28: Investments in Associates †¢ IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies †¢ IAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions – Superseded by IFRS 7 effective 2007 †¢ IAS 31: Interests in Joint Ventures †¢ IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Presentation (Financial instruments disclosures are in IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, and no longer in IAS 32) †¢ IAS 33: Earnings Per Share †¢ IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations – Superseded by IFRS 5 effective 20 05 †¢ IAS 36: Impairment of Assets †¢ IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets †¢ IAS 38: Intangible Assets †¢ IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement †¢ IAS 40: Investment Property †¢ IAS 41: Agriculture List of Interpretations with full text link †¢ Preface to International Financial Reporting Interpretations (Updated to January 2006 †¢ IFRIC 1 Changes in Existing Decommissioning, Restoration and Similar Liabilities (Updated to January 2006) †¢ IFRIC 7 Approach under IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies (Issued February 2006) †¢ IFRIC 8 Scope of IFRS 2 (Issued February 2006)—has been eliminated with Amendments issued to IFRS 2 †¢ IFRIC 9 Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives (Issued April 2006) †¢ IFRIC 10 Interim Financial Reporting and Impairment (Issued November 2006) †¢ IFRIC 11 IFRS 2-Group and Treasury Share Transactions (Issued November 2006)—has been eliminated with Amendments issued to IFRS 2 †¢ IFRIC 12 Service Concession Arrangements (Issued November 2006) †¢ IFRIC 13 Customer Loyalty Programmes (Issued in June 2007) †¢ IFRIC 14 IAS 19 – The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction (issued in July 2007) †¢ IFRIC 15 Agreements for the Construction of Real Estate (issued in July 2008) †¢ IFRIC 16 Hedges of a Net Invest ment in a Foreign Operation (issued in July 2008) †¢ IFRIC 17 Distributions of Non-cash Assets (issued in November 2008) †¢ IFRIC 18 Transfers of Assets from Customers (issued in January 2009) †¢ SIC 7 Introduction of the Euro (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 10 Government Assistance-No Specific Relation to Operating Activities (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 12 Consolidation-Special Purpose Entities (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 13 Jointly Controlled Entities-Non-Monetary Contributions by Venturers (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 15 Operating Leases-Incentives (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 21 Income Taxes-Recovery of Revalued Non-Depreciable Assets (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 25 Income Taxes-Changes in the Tax Status of an Entity or its Shareholders (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 29 Disclosure-Service Concession Arrangements (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 31 Revenue-Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 32 Intangible Assets-Web Site Costs (Updated to January 2006) †¢ SIC 33 Consolidation and equity method – Potential voting rights and allocation of ownership interests 04. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is an independent, privately-funded accounting standard-setter based in London, England. The IASB was founded on April 1, 2001 as the successor to the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). It is responsible for developing International Financial Reporting Standards (the new name for International Accounting Standards issued after 2001), and promoting the use and application of these standards. Foundation of the IASB In April 2001, the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF), since renamed as the IFRS Foundation, was formed as a not-for-profit corporation incorporated in the US state of Delaware. The IFRS Foundation is the parent entity of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an independent accounting standard-setter based in London, England. On 1 March 2001, the IASB assumed accounting standard-setting responsibilities from its predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). This was the culmination of a restructuring based on the recommendations of the report Recommendations on Shaping IASC for the Future. The IASB structure has the following main features: the IFRS Foundation is an independent organization having two main bodies, the Trustees and the IASB, as well as a IFRS Advisory Council and the IFRS Interpretations Committee (formerly the IFRIC). The IASC Foundation Trustees appoint the IASB members, exercise oversight and raise the funds needed, but the IASB has responsibility for setting International Financial Reporting Standards (international accounting standards). IASB Members The IASB has 15 Board members, each with one vote. They are selected as a group of experts with a mix of experience of standard-setting, preparing and using accounts, and academic work. [2] At their January 2009 meeting the Trustees of the Foundation concluded the first part of the second Constitution Review, announcing the creation of a Monitoring Board and the expansion of the IASB to 16 members and giving more consideration to the geographical composition of the IASB. The IFRS Interpretations OF Committee has 14 members. Its brief is to provide timely guidance on issues that arise in practice. A unanimous vote is not necessary in order for the publication of a Standard, exposure draft, or final â€Å"IFRIC† Interpretation. The Board’s 2008 Due Process manual stated that approval by nine of the members is required. Funding The IFRS Foundation raises funds for the operation of the IASB. [7] Most contributors are banks and other companies which use or have an interest in promoting international standards. In 2008, American companies gave ? 2. 4m, more than those of any other country. However, contributions fell in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, and a shortfall was reported in 2010. 05. The Basel Committee The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. Its objective is to enhance understanding of key supervisory issues and improve the quality of banking supervision worldwide. It seeks to do so by exchanging information on national supervisory issues, approaches and techniques, with a view to promoting common understanding. At times, the Committee uses this common understanding to develop guidelines and supervisory standards in areas where they are considered desirable. In this regard, the Committee is best known for its international standards on capital adequacy; the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision; and the Concordat on cross-border banking supervision. The Committee’s members come from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The present Chairman of the Committee is Mr Nout Wellink, President of the Netherlands Bank. The Committee encourages contacts and cooperation among its members and other banking supervisory authorities. It circulates to supervisors throughout the world both published and unpublished papers providing guidance on banking supervisory matters. Contacts have been further strengthened by an International Conference of Banking Supervisors (ICBS) which takes place every two years. The Committee’s Secretariat is located at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, Switzerland, and is staffed mainly by professional supervisors on temporary secondment from member institutions. In addition to undertaking the secretarial work for the Committee and its many expert sub-committees, it stands ready to give advice to supervisory authorities in all countries. Mr Stefan Walter is the Secretary General of the Basel Committee. Main Expert Sub-Committees The Committee’s work is organised under four main sub-committees: †¢ The Standards Implementation Group †¢ The Policy Development Group †¢ The Accounting Task Force †¢ The Basel Consultative Group Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking laws and regulations issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The purpose of Basel II, which was initially published in June 2004, is to create an international standard that banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much capital banks need to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks banks face. Advocates of Basel II believe that such an international standard can help protect the international financial system from the types of problems that might arise should a major bank or a series of banks collapse. In theory, Basel II attempted to accomplish this by setting up risk and capital management requirements designed to ensure that a bank holds capital reserves appropriate to the risk the bank exposes itself to through its lending and investment practices. Generally speaking, these rules mean that the greater risk to which the bank is exposed, the greater the amount of capital the bank needs to hold to safeguard its solvency and overall economic stability. Objective The final version aims at: 1. Ensuring that capital allocation is more risk sensitive; 2. Separating operational risk from credit risk, and quantifying both; 3. Attempting to align economic and regulatory capital more closely to reduce the scope for regulatory arbitrage. The Accord in operation Basel II uses a â€Å"three pillars† concept – (1) minimum capital requirements (addressing risk), (2) supervisory review and (3) market discipline. The Basel I accord dealt with only parts of each of these pillars. For example: with respect to the first Basel II pillar, only one risk, credit risk, was dealt with in a simple manner while market risk was an afterthought; operational risk was not dealt with at all. The first pillar The first pillar deals with maintenance of regulatory capital calculated for three major components of risk that a bank faces: credit risk, operational risk, and market risk. Other risks are not considered fully quantifiable at this stage. The credit risk component can be calculated in three different ways of varying degree of sophistication, namely standardized approach, Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB. IRB stands for â€Å"Internal Rating-Based Approach†. For operational risk, there are three different approaches – basic indicator approach or BIA, standardized approach or TSA, and the internal measurement approach (an advanced form of which is the advanced measurement approach or AMA). For market risk the preferred approach is VaR (value at risk). As the Basel 2 recommendations are phased in by the banking industry it will move from standardised requirements to more refined and specific requirements that have been developed for each risk category by each individual bank. The upside for banks that do develop their own bespoke risk measurement systems is that they will be rewarded with potentially lower risk capital requirements. In future there will be closer links between the concepts of economic profit and regulatory capital. Credit Risk can be calculated by using one of three approaches: 1. Standardised Approach 2. Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approach 3. Advanced IRB Approach The standardised approach sets out specific risk weights for certain types of credit risk. The standard risk weight categories are used under Basel 1 and are 0% for short term government bonds, 20% for exposures to OECD Banks, 50% for residential mortgages and 100% weighting on unsecured commercial loans. A new 150% rating comes in for borrowers with poor credit ratings. The minimum capital requirement (the percentage of risk weighted assets to be held as capital) remains at 8%. For those Banks that decide to adopt the standardised ratings approach they will be forced to rely on the ratings generated by external agencies. Certain Banks are developing the IRB approach as a result. The second pillar The second pillar deals with the regulatory response to the first pillar, giving regulators much improved ‘tools’ over those available to them under Basel I. It also provides a framework for dealing with all the other risks a bank may face, such as systemic risk, pension risk, concentration risk, strategic risk, reputational risk, liquidity risk and legal risk, which the accord combines under the title of residual risk. It gives banks a power to review their risk management system. The third pillar This pillar aims to promote greater stability in the financial system Market discipline supplements regulation as sharing of information facilitates assessment of the bank by others including investors, analysts, customers, other banks and rating agencies. It leads to good corporate governance. The aim of pillar 3 is to allow market discipline to operate by requiring lenders to publicly provide details of their risk management activities, risk rating processes and risk distributions. It sets out the public disclosures that banks must make that lend greater insight into the adequacy of their capitalization. When marketplace participants have a sufficient nderstanding of a bank’s activities and the controls it has in place to manage its exposures, they are better able to distinguish between banking organizations so that they can reward those that manage their risks prudently and penalize those that do not. 06. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) The Financial Account ing Standards Board (FASB) is a private, not-for-profit organization whose primary purpose is to develop generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) within the United States in the public’s interest. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) designated the FASB as the organization responsible for setting accounting standards for public companies in the U. S. It was created in 1973, replacing the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) and the Accounting Principles Board (APB) of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Mission statement The FASB’s mission is â€Å"to establish and improve standards of financial accounting and reporting for the guidance and education of the public, including issuers, auditors, and users of financial information. † To achieve this, FASB has five goals: †¢ Improve the usefulness of financial reporting by focusing on the primary characteristics of relevance and reliability, and on the qualities of comparability and consistency. †¢ Keep standards current to reflect changes in methods of doing business and in the economy. Consider promptly any significant areas of deficiency in financial reporting that might be improved through standard setting. †¢ Promote international convergence of accounting standards concurrent with improving the quality of financial rep orting. †¢ Improve common understanding of the nature and purposes of information in financial reports. FASB pronouncements In order to establish accounting principles, the FASB issues pronouncements publicly, each addressing general or specific accounting issues. These pronouncements are: †¢ Statements of Financial Accounting Standards †¢ Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts †¢ FASB Interpretations FASB Technical Bulletins †¢ EITF Abstracts FASB 11 Concepts 1. Money measurement 2. Entity 3. Going concern 4. Cost 5. Dual aspect 6. Accounting period 7. Conservation 8. Realization 9. Matching 10. Consistency 11. Materiality 07. Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) In 1939, encouraged by the SEC, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) formed the Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP). From 1939 to 1959, CAP issued 51 Accounting Research Bulletins that dealt with issues as they arose. CAP had only limited success because it did not develop an overall accounting framework, but rather, acted upon specific problems as they arose. Accounting Principles Board (APB) In 1959, the AICPA replaced CAP with the Accounting Principles Board (APB), which issued 31 opinions and 4 statements until it was dissolved in 1973. GAAP essentially arose from the opinions of the APB. The APB was criticized for its structure and for several of its positions on controversial topics. In 1971 the Wheat Committee (chaired by Francis Wheat) was formed to evaluate the APB and propose changes. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) The Wheat Committee recommended the replacement of the Accounting Principles Board with a new standards-setting structure. This new structure was implemented in 1973 and was made up of three organizations: Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC). Of these organizations, FASB (pronounced â€Å"FAS-B†) is the primary operating organization. Unlike the APB, FASB was designed to be an independent board comprised of members who have severed their ties with their employers and private firms. FASB issues statements of financial accounting standards, which define GAAP. The AICPA issues audit guides. When a conflict occurs, FASB rules. International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was formed in 1973 to encourage international cooperation in developing consistent worldwide accounting principles. In 2001, the IASC was succeeded by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), an independent private sector body that is structured similar to FASB. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) The financial reports of state and local goverment entities are not directly comparable to those of businesses. In 1984, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) was formed to set standards for the financial reports of state and local government. GASB was modeled after FASB. How to cite Sarbanes–Oxley Act, Essay examples

The Social Responsibility Of A Business and Role Of Your Personal Valu

Question: Discuss about the Social Responsibility Of A Business Role Of Your Personal Values In Your Future Profession. Answer: Introduction Milton Friedman claimed in his 1962 book, Capitalism and Freedom, that the primary responsibility of a business is to earn and increase the profit. The businesses must engage themselves in activities, which are designed in a way to increase their profits as long as they continue their operations as per the rules and regulations, that is, engaged in free and open competition without any deception (Friedman 2009). It is a shareholder approach towards social responsibility by Friedman. The shareholders are the group that a company is socially responsible to. Hence, it is considered that the primary goal of a business is to maximize its profits and return some portions of the earned profits to the shareholders in the form of rewards for taking the risk of investing their money in the business (Brammer, Jackson and Matten 2012). Interpretation and analysis of the literature According to Friedman, in a capitalist economy, an organization must not have any social responsibility other than earning maximum profits for itself and sharing those profits with the shareholders. The shareholders are the ones with social responsibility in their private capability. He also stated that when the organization becomes concerned about the community and environment rather than concentrating on making profits, then it results in totalitarianism (Melo and Garrido-Morgado 2012). Friedman said in his doctrine that, a company is treated as an artificial person and thus, like real individuals, it has responsibilities, but those are artificial responsibilities. Therefore, in real life, businesses do not have any real responsibility; however, the responsibility lays with the people associated with the business, that is, entrepreneurs, shareholders, stakeholders etc. Therefore, it is those people, who should fulfill those social responsibilities on behalf of the organization (Bos ch-Badia, Montllor-Serrats and Tarrazon 2013). When we talk about the responsibilities of the business people, we examine their roles in the organization. The directors have fiduciary responsibilities to act for the benefits of the shareholders, while the managers are the agents of them and hence, under moral obligation to act for their best interest, which is to get maximum return of their investments in the company. The shareholders are the real owners of the business and hence, they own the profits too. However, it does not mean that the managers and the directors would act unethically for the benefits of the shareholders. They should act fairly and make profits for the interests of the shareholders (Ferrero, Michael Hoffman and McNulty 2014). For example, when a business executive has the duty to refrain the increase in price of the products, he contributes to the social objective of controlling inflation although a price rise would be beneficial for the business. Or that, he needs to increase expenditures to cut down activit ies causing pollution for the benefit of the society and environment, but that would be of the best interest of the business. Or, he might need to hire unskilled labor to reduce poverty in the society instead of skilled labor to increase the productivity. In all of these activities, the professional would work for the benefit of the society; however that reduces the profit of the company, as well as the return of the shareholders (Hall and Lawson 2014). On the other hand, the stockholders and the business people can themselves spend their money for any social responsibility if they want to. A corporate person definitely has some responsibility of his own. Hence, he might decide to donate some of his money to any social purpose that he believes in. For example, a director of a company might believe in donating some money to the flood relief charity. It is his personal choice. However, only when he earns money from the company, he would be able to donate some. Similarly, a shareholder of a company might have similar interest for doing charity. When he earns returns of his investment in the company, he would decide whether to donate some for the social benefit or how much to donate. Therefore, it is described by Friedman that, the social responsibility is the discretion of the shareholders, and not of the businesses (Ferrero, Michael Hoffman and McNulty 2014). The role of your personal values in your future profession Every human being has his own values, attitudes and beliefs that he develops throughout the course of his life. The background, culture, family, friends, social life, and all the experiences of a person help him develop the sense of who he is and how he sees the world. It is very important for a person to have a set of values to make progress in his life and at the same time, values motivate them to contribute something for the society. One can make such contribution to the community through his profession or voluntary services (Clewell and Aronson 2013). Interpretation and analysis of the literature Values are defined as the set of principles, qualities or standards that a person or a group consider in high regard. These are the guiding factors in our lives. Values direct us to live our lives in a morally respectful way and these also help us to take the decisions in life. Therefore, a value is defined as something that a person holds dear. It is a characteristic that is worth of following to live a better life and make the world better for others (Boer and Fischer 2013). The basis of the formation of a value can be various things, such as a particular belief about something, related to any particular idea or nature or behavior. The values are also backed by the tradition or culture of society. For example, some people love animals and they love to work for protecting the animals. Again, some people believe in saving the forests, while some prefer deforestation for the benefit of their profession in real estate. Hence, the values are important for living life but the impacts of the values on the profession of a person are not always specific (Jamaludin et al. 2016). Our values can influence the judgments that we make about anything in our lives. Hence, it can also influence the decisions we take in our professional lives. In the profession life, the factors such as, manners, behavior, attitude, clothes, everything reflects a certain value. Knowing the values properly can help us choosing the right career for us. Values help us in determining the priorities of life and that decides the course of actions to be taken. Values are the guiding force in our lives, which help us to take the decisions in both personal and professional lives that can lead to happiness and success (Zedler 2014). In the context of future profession, experts say that, we must define our values before opting for any particular career. For example, if a person does not believe in altruism, he cannot prosper in his career if he chooses to work for a non-profit organization, which does volunteering work for the underprivileged people. Hence, choosing a profession according to a persons values can be helpful in future. The values comprises of the things that we think and believe to be essential in our way of working and living life. The values also help us to understand if the happenings in our lives are part of our plans or unintentional (Wright, Zammuto and Liesch 2017). We can only say that our life is going good when our values and our career path match. If there is conflict in the values and the work we are doing, then our quality of life is compromised. Hence, personal values play a very important role in our career decisions. This can be explained as follows. A profession is a correct one for a person, if that makes him happy and matches his values. Many people in our surroundings are driven by a very strong determination to search and find a meaning and objective of life, which is actually a materialization of the personal values. For example, an engineer working in a reputed company might feel the urge to do something beneficial for the society. For that, he might leave his job and work for a charity or donate a large amount of money to a charity (Fearon et al. 2016). There are some professions, which are driven by personal values. Those can be explained as follows. The defense and military services of a country requires high passion towards the service of the country. Many people feel the strong sense of patriotism and believe that they could serve the country through this profession. Hence, they take this hard route to follow their heart and values and sacrifice many things by joining the military force. The medical service is another such type of profession, which requires a strong sense of personal values. The doctors are considered to be next to God. The people, who pursue to profession of doctors, are very passionate about their work, and they sacrifice their own personal lives for serving the ailing people. Many doctors leave the comfort of city life to serve the poor people in the villages. Therefore, the values of serving the poor and ailing people and find a meaning of life drive the doctors to choose this profession. Another very common example of personal value driven career is the social work. The social workers look for problems in the society and work towards solving them for the welfare of the entire society. These problems include environment, education, underprivileged sections of the society etc. People, who do social work, find their meaning of life in those works, and get satisfied that they are contributing something meaningful to the society (Kocet and Herlihy 2014). Conclusion Therefore, from the Friedman doctrine, it can be said that, the fundamental objective of the businesses in a capitalist economy should be to generate profit and keep on increasing that. The businesses do not need to perform any social responsibility, as those are the decisions of the business people and shareholders, who is benefitted from the profits earned (Friedman 2017). Hence, it can be concluded that, personal values have a very influence on the future profession choices of people. If people can match their values with their career choices, then they feel happy, satisfied and they also give their best towards their job. This way they can find a meaning of their lives. Thus, it is very important to choose a profession depending on the personal values of people. References: Boer, D. and Fischer, R., 2013. How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitudevalue linkages. Bosch-Badia, M.T., Montllor-Serrats, J. and Tarrazon, M.A., 2013. Corporate social responsibility from Friedman to Porter and Kramer. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-economic review,10(1), pp.3-28. Clewell, A.F. and Aronson, J., 2013.Ecological restoration: principles, values, and structure of an emerging profession. Island Press. Fearon, C., Nachmias, S., McLaughlin, H. and Jackson, S., 2016. Personal values, social capital, and higher education student career decidedness: a new protean-informed model.Studies in Higher Education, pp.1-23. Ferrero, I., Michael Hoffman, W. and McNulty, R.E., 2014. Must Milton Friedman embrace stakeholder theory?.Business and Society Review,119(1), pp.37-59. Friedman, M., 2009.Capitalism and freedom. University of Chicago press. Friedman, M., 2017.Milton Friedman on Freedom: Selections from The Collected Works of Milton Friedman. Hoover Press. Hall, J.C. and Lawson, R.A., 2014. Economic freedom of the world: an accounting of the literature.Contemporary Economic Policy,32(1), pp.1-19. Jamaludin, N.L., Sam, D.L., Sandal, G.M. and Adam, A.A., 2016. Personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intention of international students.SpringerPlus,5(1), p.720. Kocet, M.M. and Herlihy, B.J., 2014. Addressing value?based conflicts within the counseling relationship: A decision?making model.Journal of Counseling Development,92(2), pp.180-186. Melo, T. and Garrido?Morgado, A., 2012. Corporate reputation: A combination of social responsibility and industry.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(1), pp.11-31. Wright, A.L., Zammuto, R.F. and Liesch, P.W., 2017. Maintaining the values of a profession: Institutional work and moral emotions in the emergency department.Academy ofManagement Journal,60(1), pp.200-237. Zedler, J., 2014. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession by Andre Clewell, James Aronson (review).Landscape Journal: design, planning, andmanagement of the land,33(1), pp.77-78.

The Square Essays - Economy, Payment Systems, Money, Finance

The Square CIS207 The Square Several users are taking advantage of the Internet at heightened measures, accessing it only on mobile devices such as the iPad, iPhone, or Android smartphones. The user is able to interact anytime and anywhere, creating business opportunities at its best when and where the customer is most inclined to interact or respond to an offer. Square Wallet provides the capability of two-dimensional (2D) tag technology, making it possible to interact with individuals through the devices nearest to them and when they would be interested the most. According to Turban and Volonino (2011), a 2D tag can be encoded with an instruction or a Web site address in small box or dot that forms a matrix-like pattern (Chapter 1, Information Systems in the 2010s). The data contained can be store purchases or credit card payment. The data collected is processed and stored or updated in a database, and designed to process these specific types of data input from ongoing transactions is the Transaction Processing System (TPS). The data can be entered manually in a form or on a screen, or automatically through the use of a scanner, sensor, or reader. Square Wallet transactions such as customer purchases are internal, "originating from or occurring within the organization" (Turban and Volonino, 2011, Chapter 2, IT Infrastructure and Support Systems). TPS processes data captured as soon as it occurs, one transaction after another. This is called real-time processing or Online transaction processing (OLTP); the input device - iPhone or Android is directly linked through a network to the TPS. Providing a clean data that can be accessed is an operational data store which is a database for TPS that use data warehouse concepts. Entrepreneur's face many obstacles in their business ventures. One of these obstacles is how to proce ss payments at a minimum overhea d cost to the company. As we move toward a becoming a cashless society, customers and business owners alike demand the ease of hassle-free transactions. Stepping into the spotlight is Square, a mobile payment processing system offering sales data to small businesses (Ravindranath, 2012) . Traditional payment processing systems can be convoluted and often include equipment fees and third-party connection fees that can minimize profits. Square was developed in response to an artist who was unable to close a sale due to his inability to process credit cards. Square offers clients a free mobile card reader that plugs into the headphone mini-jack of any Android, iPhone, or iPad device. (Stevenson, 2012) It is small enough to fit in a pocket allowing business owners to process payment anytime, anywhere. Business owners are given the option of a set monthly price or a pay per swipe so they know exactly what they are paying each month. Customers benefit from Square in a variety of ways, too. They can download Square to their phone and merchants using Square can accept their payments from the phone without ever needing to handle cash or credit/debit cards. From their personal computers, customers link Square to their bank accounts, and the Square software handles the rest. All the customer needs to provide a vendor is his or her log on name. It's a convenience for people who might be out exercising, who might find themselves stranded, or who want simply to carry one device. Also, Square's directory includes a "find" function, in which people can discover new businesses that accept the service nearby! The convenience of Square for the customer and the accessibility of Square for the business owner combine to make this online service a hassle-free transaction for all parties. The Square system makes options available that no other small business has. The economy today lives off of credit and debit cards. If a business does not have the option to pay by card business is going to be rough and maybe obsolete. Making the option available will allow your business to grow. If you have a small business the Square system allows that option in the easiest way possible. Businesses today need to be fast paced and always ready. Over 75% of Americans use debit and credit cards. Businesses that use this system will absolutely see an increase in customers, products, and

Juergen Habermas

Juergen Habermas Best Known For:    A philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism.His theory on the concepts of â€Å"communicative rationality† and the â€Å"public sphere.†His work on the concept of modernity.    Birth: Jà ¼rgen Habermas was born June 18, 1929. He is still living. Early Life: Habermas was born in Dusseldorf, Germany and grew up in the postwar era. He was in his early teens during World War II and was profoundly affected by the war. He had served in the Hitler Youth and had been sent to defend the western front during the final months of the war. Following the Nuremberg Trials, Habermas had a political awakening in which he realized the depth of Germany’s moral and political failure. This realization had a lasting impact on his philosophy in which he was strongly against such politically criminal behavior. Education: Habermas studied at the University of Gottingen and the University of Bonn. He earned a doctorate degree in philosophy from the University of Bonn in 1954 with a dissertation written on the conflict between the absolute and history in Schelling’s thought. He then went on to study philosophy and sociology at the Institute for Social Research under critical theorists Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno and is consider a member of the Frankfurt School. Early Career: In 1961, Habermas became a private lecturer in Marburg. The following year he accepted the position of â€Å"extraordinary professor† of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. That same year, Habermas gained serious public attention in Germany for his first book Structural Transformation and the Public Sphere in which he detailed the social history of the development of the bourgeois public sphere. His political interests subsequently led him to conduct a series of philosophical studies and critical-social analyses that eventually appeared in his books Toward a Rational Society (1970) and Theory and Practice (1973). Career and Retirement: In 1964, Habermas became the chair of philosophy and sociology at the University of Frankfurt am Main. He remained there until 1971 in which he accepted a directorship at the Max Planck Institute in Starnberg. In 1983, Habermas returned to the University of Frankfurt and remained there until he retired in 1994. Throughout his career, Habermas embraced the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, which views contemporary Western society as maintaining a problematic conception of rationality that is destructive in its impulse toward domination. His primary contribution to philosophy, however, is the development of a theory of rationality, a common element seen throughout his work. Habermas believes that the ability to use logic and analysis, or rationality, goes beyond the strategic calculation of how to achieve a certain goal. He stresses the importance of having an â€Å"ideal speech situation† in which people are able to raise moral and political concerns and defend them by rationality alone. This concept of the ideal speech situation was discussed and elaborated on in his 1981 book The Theory of Communicative Action. Habermas has gained a great deal of respect as a teacher and mentor for many theorists in political sociology, social theory, and social philosophy. Since his retirement from teaching he has continued to be an active thinker and writer. He is currently ranked as one of the most influential philosophers in the world and is a prominent figure in Germany as a public intellectual, often commenting on controversial issue of the day in German newspapers. In 2007, Habermas was listed as the 7th most-cited author in the humanities by . Major Publications: Structural Transformation and the Public Sphere (1962)Theory and Practice (1963)Knowledge and Human Interests (1968)Towards a Rational Society (1970)Legitimation Crisis (1973)Communication and the Evolution of Society (1979) References Jurgen Habermas - Biography. (2010). The European Graduate School. egs.edu/library/juergen-habermas/biography/ Johnson, A. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Tender is the Night Quotes

'Tender is the Night' Quotes Tender is the Night is a famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The work details the life and deterioration of Dr. Dick Diver, who falls in love with a mental patient. This novel was considered a failure at the time of its publication, but it is one of Fitzgeralds most important works. Here are a few quotes.​ Tender is the Night a bald man in a monocle and a pair of tights, his tufted chest thrown out, his brash navel sucked in, was regarding her attentively.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 1 so that while Rosemary was a simple child she was protected by a double sheath of her mothers armor and her own - she had a mature distrust of the trivial, the facile and the vulgar.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 3 Youre the only girl Ive seen for a very long time that actually did look like something blooming.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 4 so green and cool that the leaves and petals were curled with tender damp.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Chapter 6 he opened the gate to his amusing world. So long as they subscribed to it completely, their happiness was his preoccupation, bit at the fist flicker of doubt as to its all-inclusiveness he evaporated before their eyes, leaving little communicable memory of what he had said or done.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 6 the moment when the guests had been daringly lifted above conviviality into the rarer atmosphere of sentiment, was over before it could be irreverently breathed before they had half realized it was there.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 7 the too obvious appeal, the struggle with an unrehearsed scene and unfamiliar words.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 8 of course its done at a certain sacrifice - sometimes they seem just rather charming figures in a ballet, and worth the attention you five a ballet, but its more than that - youd have to know the story. Anyhow Tommy is one of those men that Dicks passed along to Nicole. Book 1,- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Ch. 10 She illustrated very simple principles, containing in herself her own doom, but illustrated them so accurately that there was grace in the procedure, and presently Rosemary would try to imitate it.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 12 Indeed, he had made a quick study of the whole affair, simplifying it always until it bore a faint resemblance to one of his own parties.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 13 He knew that there was passion there, but there was no shadow of it in her eyes or on her mouth; there was a faint spray of champagne on her breath. She clung nearer desperately and once more he kissed her and was chilled by the innocence of her kiss, by the glance that at the moment of contact looked beyond him out into the darkness of the night, the darkness of the world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 15 The enthusiasm, the selflessness behind the whole performance ravished her, the technic of moving many varied types, each as immobile, as dependent on supplies of attention as an infantry battalion as dependent on rations, appeared so effortless that he still had pieces of his own most personal self for everyone.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 18 the shots had entered into all their lives: echoes of violence followed them out onto the pavement where two porters held a post-mortem beside them as they waited for a taxi.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 19 made an exit that she had learned young, and on which no director had ever tried to improve.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 1, Ch. 25 And Lucky Dick cant be one of those clever men; he must be less intact, even faintly destroyed. If life wont do it for him its not a substitute to get a disease, or a broken heart, or an inferiority complex, though itd be nice to build out some broken side till it was better than the original structure.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 1 They said that you are a doctor, but so long as you are a cat it is different. My head aches so, so excuse this walking there like an ordinary with a white cat will explain, I think.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 I am slowly coming back to life... I wish someone were in love with me like boys were ages ago before I was sick. I suppose it will be years, though, before I could think of anything like that.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 2 We were just like loversand then all at once we were loversand ten minutes after it happened I could have shot myselfexcept I guess Im such a Goddamned degenerate I didnt have the nerve to do it. Book 2, Ch. 3 God, am I like the rest after all?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 4 The weakness of the profession is its attraction for the man a little crippled and broken.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 6 Nicoles world had fallen to pieces, but it was only a flimsy and scarcely created world.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 7 the delight on Nicoles faceto be a feather again instead of a plummet, to float and not to drag.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 8 And if I dont know youre the most attractive man I ever met you must think I am still crazy.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2 Its my hard luck, all rightbut dont pretend that I dont knowI know everything about you and me.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 9 As an indifference cherished, or left to atrophy, becomes an emptiness, to this extent he had learned to become empty of Nicole, serving her against his will with negations and emotional neglect.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 11 Here are more quotes from Tender is the Night, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. We own you, and youll admit it sooner or later. It is absurd to keep up the pretense of independence.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 Good manners are an admission that everybody is so tender that they have to be handled with gloves. Now, human respectyou dont call a man a coward or a liar lightly, but if you spend your life sparing peoples feelings and feeding their vanity, you get so you cant distinguish what should be respected in them.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 13 England was like a rich man after a disastrous orgy who makes up to the household by chatting with them individually, when it is obvious to them that he is only trying to get back his self-respect in order to usurp his former power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 16 Good-by, my fathergood-by, all my fathers.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 2, Ch. 19 she only cherishes her illness as an instrument of power.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 1 There was some element of loneliness involvedso easy to be lovedso hard to love.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 to explain, to patchthese were not natural functions at their agebetter to continue with the cracked echo of an old truth in the ears.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 2 Not without desperation he had long felt the ethics of his profession dissolving into a lifeless mass.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 3 If Europe ever goes Bolshevik shell turn up as the bride of Stalin.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 4 We cant go on like thisor can we?....What do you think?... Some of the time I think its my faultIve ruined you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 5 She was somewhat shocked at the idea of being interested in another manbut other women have loverswhy not me?- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 If she need not, in her spirit, be forever one with Dick as he had appeared last night, she must be something in addition, not just an image on his mind, condemned to endless parades around the circumference of a medal.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 6 So delicately balanced was she between an old foothold that had always guaranteed her security, and the imminence of a leap from which she might alight changed in the very chemistry of blood and muscle, that she did not dare bring the matter into the true forefront of consciousness.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Hes not received anywhere anymore.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 Either you thinkor else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize and sterilize you.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 7 No, Im not reallyIm just aIm just a whole lot of different simple people.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Everything Tommy said became part of her forever.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Tangled with love in the moonlight she welcomed the anarchy of her lover.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 8 Then why did you come, Nicole? I cant do anything for you anymore. Im trying to save myself.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 9 I have never seen women like this sort of women. I have known many of the great courtesans of the world, and for them I have much respect often, but women like these women I have never seen before.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 10 You dont understand Nicole. You treat her always as a patient because she was once sick.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 11 When people are taken out of their depths they lose their heads, no matter how charming a bluff they put up.- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tender is the Night, Book 3, Ch. 12

INTERNATIONAL TRADE STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUES - FINAL CASE STUDY

INTERNATIONAL TRADE STRATEGY AND TECHNIQUES - FINAL - Case Study Example The new company concentrates on the manufacturing and marketing of polymers at 20,000 tons/year. The total investment for the ventures is 12 million Euros. The sections of financing are 4 million EUR by equity financing, Export credit obtained from COFACE up to 6 million EUR and other debt financing of about 2 million EUR. The favorable and the risk factors which would be faced by owing to its joint venture with Vietchem are elaborated in the report. Question 1 Vietnam Vietnam is a developing economy which is planned with a market well connected to the other parts of the world. The economy of Vietnam has shifted their concentration from centralized planned economy to socialist market economy that employs both indicative and directive planning. After the shift, the economy has rapidly grown. The Vietnamese population has been estimated to be 87 million. This estimation includes 3 million who lives in Hanoi and in Hochiminville; the estimated number has been 9 millions. About 11 millio n of the population are working in the industry or engaged in industry related works. The unemployment rate has been 2.3%. The GDP value amounts to $300 billion with a growth rate of 5.9%. The FDI inflows have amounted to $7.4 billion. The average tariff rate of trade has been 5.7% that includes some of the non-tariff barriers which had limited the gains of trade (The Heritage Foundation, â€Å"Vietnam†). Though there have been serious efforts from the FDI but it has been hindered by the government regulations by imposing various restrictions. With the evolving capital markets of Vietnam, the financial sector has also expanded (â€Å"China struggles with the way forward on reform†). Vietnamese Market Although the Vietnamese market has shown a rapid growth, it is still extremely price sensitive. Thus if the JV has to take place, Synthenia has to face this issue. Vietnamese market is a monopoly market with only a single producer of polymers i.e. Polyviet Company Limited. The company is based in Japan and sells 80% of its end products in the Vietnamese market. The company produces polymers and their main customers are the seekers of textile glues and formulators of buildings. Thus, the JV is looking for a reliable polymer supplier with a very good Research and Development department so that the products are adequately tested (â€Å"Investing in Vietnam – A risk worth taking?†). The favorable and unfavorable factors that Synthenia will probably run into while doing business in Vietnam are elaborated in the next section. Favorable factors for investment in Vietnam For establishing an investment plan in Vietnam the chemical giant group, Synthenia will have many advantages few of which are elaborated below. Synthenia has spread its existence in the Asian market. The Asian agents and the distributors have helped the company to develop their business in Asia. So with its expansion in Vietnam, it will provide a wider Asian market for the comp any. The country had a growth rate of 4.9% in 2009 which has increased to 5.9% in 2012 and has stabilized at that point. Thus

Computer and Network Hardware Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Computer and Network Hardware - Assignment Example Protocols like POP3, IMAP, LDAP and HTTP services use DNS to avoid IP conflicts on the networks. Hardware (Physical) address is the unique hexadecimal serial number assigned to each Ethernet network device. The address is permanently set at the time of manufacture and cannot be changed. It is unique to help distinguish among devices. The hardware addresses are exactly 6 bytes in length, and are usually written in hexadecimal as 12:34:56:78:90:AB. The first six digits identify manufacturer while the last six is the serial number of the card. Each manufacturer of Ethernet devices applies for a certain range of hardware addresses they can use. DHCP failover occurs when using DHCP redundancy. With two DHCP servers serving different scopes, for example .100-.150 on one and .200-.250 on the other, challenges pursue. In the case one server fails, all clients that received a lease from that server, will have to get a new IP from the other server. That basically means all network connections on the client will be lost and causing a danger unlike no redundancy. DHCP availability is crucial. The existing of network is dependent on the DHCP availability, since it is the basic point of assigning TCP/IP configuration. If it fails or breaks down the network communication is lost. That indicates that DHCP has to be available throughout. Subnetting addresses hardware performance issues. Using subnetting reduces CPU overload. The servers will have increased processing power and available. The network hardware like routers and other devices that handle data traffic are also optimized. The bandwidth is available to network devices for their effective performance. To communicate, computers on LAN are interconnected using a switch. The switch is then connected to a router that links LAN to an external network, internet. To access internet through a single computer, you can either configure one PC as an ICS (Internet Connection Sharing) or

Max Dupain Essay Example for Free

Max Dupain Essay The sunbaker was taken in 1938 Some of the artistic intentions and reasons that Max Dupain has taken this photograph exactly in this way are that max Dupain has deliberately faded away the background in this photograph to highlight and draw the eye upon the picture of the man. He may also have decided to fade the background, as the way the sand blends in with the skin colour of the man, adds to Dupain’s theme of â€Å"beach culture†. Max Dupain has also taken this photograph as a full body close up of the man, which suits the photograph more. Like many of Dupain’s photograph, this photo is taken and has association with the beach. The atmosphere, from looking at the photograph, is quiet and unruffled and the mood can be described at peaceful; the conditions that most sunbakers love. This photograph focuses on the way that this scene was captured, as well as the man and the features he possesses. The Sunbaker by Max Dupain was an interesting photograph and the way he did it portrayed his theme of â€Å"beach culture† very well. By Maddi Meldrum

The Information Environment During the Making of a Bob Dylan Album :: Media Recording Music

The Information Environment During the Making of a Bob Dylan Album In analyzing any of Bob Dylan's albums and lyrics, one might receive very powerful, timely, political and social messages from the artist. Perhaps it is the way in which he influences or responds to his fans which allows him to always seem a step ahead of the public. Take, for instance, his addition of electric instruments to his music in 1964 (Bob Dylan: Desire - Ink Blot Magazine). Dylan's use of these instruments, which are indicative of the growing information environment of the time, outraged folk fans. Nevertheless, "Dylan had merely created the most influential folk-rock ever recorded" (Bob Dylan: Desire). In essence, he moved forward from the mentality, in which a large part of the public during the 1960's still remained, in order to be better able to speak to his fans. He simply tried a new invention for the purpose of making his music sound better and holding on to his listeners. At the same time, though, when bands such as the Beatles had followed Bob's lead by creating bl ues and "psychadelic-influenced" music, Dylan retreated to his country forms (Bob Dylan: Desire). In other words, he spoke to the modern world, by progressing with the new, electric instruments, while still reaching his older, perhaps more traditional fans, with his alternated use of country forms. He composes music about betrayal, paranoia, fear and desire, and influentially ties in larger issues of the time, such as racial consciousness. Dylan's album entitled Desire is indicative of the artist's sense of and connection to the world around him. Perhaps the most influential song on the album, and indeed one of Bob's most politically and socially meaningful compositions, is "Hurricane." The interesting chain of events which lead to the making of this song indicate the information society of the time, as well as Dylan's contribution to his information culture and influence in the public. Rubin Carter, the former champion African-American boxer, would simply never have known to contact Dylan had he not first listened to his lyrics of oppression and class differences. Thus, Dylan's music is a powerful form of communication, a kind which would give a man such as Carter a glimpse of hope and justice. Without Carter's book, The Sixteenth Round (Social Conscience Rubin Hurricane Carter), the song would never have been made, and a greater public knowledge of the Ruben Carter case would never have been reached.

Health and Social Care Essay

P1. EXPLAIN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A HEALTH OR SOCIAL CARE ORGANISATION. The aim of the organization (red hut day nursery) was to carry out high standards of care from children age from 3 months to 5 yrs old. Whilst following the curriculum guidelines of early years foundation. The role of the organization was to care for children within their responsibilities whilst the Childs parents or carer has left them in the organization care. Policies such as ensure every child is treated fairly and equally depending on that Childs needs in order for their needs to be meet , was expected of all staff members to conduct themselves in such away . the role of each staff member was to ensure that health and safety measure where up to scratch for instant making sure sharp , hot , dangerous objects where out of reach of the children , picking objects off the floor to avoid any one tripping over , cleaning spillages up etc . the procedures of the organization ( red hut day nursery ) was that all staff members interact and conduct themselves in a friendly manor so the children would feel relaxed and not intimidated without their parents present, making the nursery a pleasant place to be for the children My roles and responsibilities within the organization was to interact with the children to making the Childs time whilst in care of the organization pleasant and of high quality of care assisting the child to the toilet if needed , changing nappies , whipping the Childs nose if needed etc , maintaining health and safety measures to minimize the risk of any incidents occurring. my other responsibilities where to help the children prepare for meal times by occupying a number of children at a time on the carpet with a game or activity whilst a few children at a time take it in turns to wash their hands before eating . log any incidents that occur. Description of services users Services users such as parents who both work and need some one to look after their child professionally whilst they work, or a parent who wishes for their child to further their development by enrolling them to the organization which will help them to learn new skills whilst interacting with other children and building up their independence. Links with other organizations/services Link services available through the organization is after school club which takes on children of school age up until the age of 8 this services provides parents extra time to work or carry out every day needs to support their families . The services runs from 3pm to 6.30pm where a member of the team will collect pupils from school and bring them into the care of the organization where they will be given a meal and after interact in activities until their parents collect them. the organization also has a breakfast class which runs of the same basis as the after school club but instead of picking up the child the parents drop the child off between 8am and 9pm where the child will receive a breakfast cereal or toast and once it is time for their school to start they are escorted to the school. P2/M1.report on own contributions to a specific team activity relating to health and social care . Following policies and procedures the children’s toys and equipment must be regularly cleaned to maintain hygiene, therefore in a team we had to gather all the children’s toys that were outside in the garden whilst at the same time watch over the children as they played in the garden we took it in turns to watch the children and clean the toys. I help to assist the children as they played in the garden ensuring that they wasn’t interfering with the toys as they being cleaned and staying within the play area and not at harm , then rotated with other team member to wash the toys and put them back into place . My contributions to the team whilst conducting the activity was using my skills as working as a team player to complete a task and taking it in turns to keep watch on the children as well as help to clean toys. My contribution help to minimize risk of children interfering with the toys as they were being washed which could of lead to a child slipping in the water and . Overall My contributions to the team on a whole enable the task to be completed smoothly without any complications as I interacted with children in playing games helping the on the slides ect to avoid any accidents whilst playing or the children interfering with the toys as they where being washed which as a result could lead to an accident . my contributions help team sprit as we took it in turns at both interacting with the children and cleaning the toys to ensure fairness in the task as well as team work which help us to complete the task successfully without any problems . My contribution to the team also enables the task to be completed quicker than if a single person was to complete the task. D1. Make recommendations as to how you could have adapted your own contribution to the team to enhance the success of the activit y .

The Advent of the Renaissance

To what extent is the term â€Å"Renaissance† a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? Prior to the 14th century, the Middle Ages revolved around the basic understanding of the Bible. Middle to lower class citizens relied heavily on the teachings of the priest's and blindly followed their ways of living. The church discouraged any new concepts and believed that life on Earth was simply a preparation for the after life.The Renaissance, ranging from the 14th to 16th entries, became a distinct period in European history due to the increase in trade, influence of art and the artist, and the growing phenomenon of individual thinking, as this will lead to future exploration and economic advances. Italy, the epicenter of Renaissance culture, was able to advance their society through a growth in economic stability. As ships and trade routes began to advance technologically, the Italian merchant class also grew.Italian merchants and sailors would import g oods from all over Europe, such as wool from England, and ship them o other countries. The risks of such endeavors were high, but the end profit was even higher. This new industry not only stabilized the Italian economy, but it eventually led to the development of the Urban Nobility class, who strongly contributed to the Renaissance efforts. During the Renaissance, the influence of art and the artist grew extensively. Artists in the Middle Ages worked strictly on religious pieces for the church and many struggled to make a reasonable living.Art during the Renaissance was in high demand. Every rich and powerful family used works of art as a way to flaunt their wealth and demonstrate their lavish lifestyle. The technique of dark and light was added to show depth and dimension. Artists also began to use realism, painting more realistic faces and bodies, as this was a newly accepted style. Some of the highly influential Renaissance artists include Michelangelo, Leonardo dad Vinci, Rapha el, and Ghetto. Their works were not only revolutionary for their time, but they continue to be inspirations for the modern day artist.Through the invention of the printing press, revolutionary thinkers were able to communicate their theories to the mass population, an opportunity that was never accessible prior to the Renaissance. Three main proprietary concepts were developed in this time. The ideas of humanism, individualism, and secularism dominated the Renaissance culture like never before. Humanists emerged with a newfound interest in the classics. They studied these works in order to discover more about human nature.Individualists prioritize the potential of the human being. They believed that everyone should have to opportunity to be the best they can possibly be. Secularism was the basic concern with the material world, as opposed to the spiritual world. These ideas strongly opposed the teachings of the church, yet they continued to spread rapidly and strongly. Coming out o f a banal period in western culture, the Renaissance brought on countless revolutionary thinkers that worked to open the eyes of their peers and make an impact on society.The Renaissance was an explosion of revolutionary ideas that spread all across Europe. For the first time in centuries, artists, merchants, writers, and philosophers alike were able to express themselves in an amazing way. Many of the greatest minds that we often look back to for inspiration originated from the Renaissance era. Their ideas made a lasting impact on culture, then and now. The Renaissance would not have been such a distinct period if not for the combined efforts of every possible industry and art form.

Cubism1 essays

Cubism1 essays Cubism is one of the first forms of abstract art. "Cubism was a movement in painting that sought to break down objects into basic shapes of cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones." Cubism originated in France and was influenced by African sculptures and by Paul Cezanne. The first cubist works were those in which objects, landscapes, and people are represented as many-sided solids. This enables you to see various views of the object at the same time. Later, cubism changed using a flatter type of abstraction, in which the complete pattern, becomes more important, and the objects represented are largely indecipherable. At first, most artists painted with little color. "Most paintings were either monochromatic or gray, blue, brown, and white. The final phase of cubism is called synthetic. In this phase color reappears as a primary element in the artwork. Cezanne was an artist who led the way to cubism or abstract art. Before Cezanne, artists would portray the world realistically. "It is above all Czannes obsession with formal elements of composition and his use of color as tone rather than the Impressionist pursuit of light on surface that makes his art so important to those who followed. Czannes works made it possible for artists to start to question what they saw, the way in which they saw it, and how they interpreted and represented what was in front of them". Cezanne felt that paintings should reflect artists sensations made into a pictorial form by brush strokes, color, and lines. He was known to work slowly and use colors to build shapes. In the still-life pictures that he made of fruits and bowls one can tell that he worked slowly as there are different and contradicting shadows in his pictures. Early in his career Cezanne loved to paint Sainte-Victoire (landscapes). Later he painted portraits such as "Woman with a Coffee Pot " and "The Card Players". When he began to paint landscape again h...

Anyone Can Be A Monster

Anyone Can Be A Monster Primo Levi, an Italian Jewish chemist, writer, and Holocaust survivor, once said that Monsters exist, but they are far too few in number to be truly dangerous. More dangerous are the common men, the functionaries ready to believe and to act without asking questions. When people think of evil people or monsters, we typically think of the main figure of a movement or group. The most evil person people think of is Hitler or Stalin. It is easy to blame the main figure solely, but by doing this we fail to remember the ordinary people who are involved in letting horrendous acts occur. These people did not work alone. It is everyday people who have the power to control what will happen. It is through civilian opinions and actions that evil acts can occur. Hitler had millions of followers and supporters that did not question what he was doing to Jews. They and many other countries failed to realize by following blindly without questioning, they were condemning a group of people to death. Mon sters do not have to be a completely evil being. Many people do not realize that all monsters are just ordinary people. In her short story, The Lottery, Shirley Jackson is able to express the chilling horror of blind obedience. Jackson is able to show that any ordinary person is capable of horrific acts by conforming mindlessly to a persons surroundings. Although people are have the ability to cause change and do good, Shirley Jackson is able to convey in her story The Lottery that the normalization of events, fear and tradition, and selfishness are the roots of blind obedience and cause everyday people to become monsters. To begin, Shirley Jackson shows that heinous deeds can become normal over time. The most sinister aspect of The Lottery is the normalization of the killing of a neighbor. Every single person in the town is not bothered by the lottery. The townspeople schedule the lottery to happen around 10, so that it will be over in time for them to have lunch. The people of the town have no issue with continuing their day after killing someone that was apart of their community. It is through normalization that bad things can occur. The Council of American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), a Muslim civil rights and advocacy group, points out that the killing of Jews was not the first step in the Holocaust. In 1930s Germany there was a lot anti-Jew propaganda. Jews were often an object people could blame for their problems. They complained that Jews were taking jobs away from Germans; which is much like some Americans views on immigrants. Through the constant blame of Jews and propaganda against them in the media, the Nazis were able to normalize the hatred of Jews. By blindly listening to the media and bias, the people in 1930s Germany became just as bad as Nazis. The townspeople in The Lottery do the exact same thing. The children are playing with the rocks that will kill a person that they know and interact with constantly; they fill their pockets full of stones. Children should be questioning whether it is right to be killing a person, but they conform to what others do around them. No one questions the lottery. The townspeople gossip and joke before the lottery begins. They just think of the lottery as a mundane activity that they are forced to do. The lottery is just another part of their day they have to get thorough. If someone were to question the lottery, than people wouldnt have to die. In addition, once Tessie is chosen to be stoned and begins to panic, the townspeople tell her to be a good sport. These people dont even think about her or her situation. They blindly stone this lady without thinking of her family or why they are really doing it. The act of killing someone has become so normal to this town that they just want it to be over with quickly. Jackson warns that if heinous acts are normalized then the true horrors of a situation are hidden, making ordinary people monsters by blind obedience. Furthermore, the blind obedience found in The Lottery is even more intensified by fear and tradition. Fear is one of the best motivators; anyone can control another person through fear. Fear and tradition in The Lottery go hand in hand. There is a fear that if the sacrifice from the lottery is stopped, than the crops wont flourish; the lottery has worked for the townspeople for centuries, so they dont consider stopping the tradition. They repeatedly conform to the same pattern every year of bringing out the old box and killing someone. This is all they have ever know; lotteries are conducted in villages in all of the surrounding areas around the townspeople. The oldest man in town, Old Man Warner, has been apart of over 70 lotteries. No one in town has ever not been apart of the lottery. It has always happened and the crops always grow. The townspeople are like drones that carry out orders without thinking or realizing how pointless the lottery really is. They are afraid to speak up about the lottery because of what might happen to them. It is just a small town of just 300 people; no one talks about the lottery because they are afraid of judgment by the town, and they are afraid to alter the lottery for what might happen to their crops. The black box used for the lottery is old and shabby. There is always talk about making a new box, but no one wants to mess with the tradition that is represented by the black box. Jackson is able to demonstrate how strong of a hold tradition and fear have on people. Tradition makes it easy to blindly follow a routine, and fear is used a deterrent to stop an sort of questioning toward the lottery. In addition, selfishness is a further exemplifies blind obedience. We as people tend to not question anything until we personally are involved. The townspeople do not care about the families of the people who are sacrificed at the lottery; they only care about themselves. Even Tessie, the woman who gets stoned, jokes around during the lottery until she is chosen to be killed. We only care about ourselves and our safety. Tessie even tries to bring some of her married children in the lottery draw for her family to increase her odds of living. She would rather one of her own child die in her place than her. Nobody questions anything until they are apart of it. In present day, many people do not sympathize with the suffering and discrimination of minority groups because it does not affect them personally. They cannot see the pain of others because it does not affect them. Once the Hutchinsons have been chosen for the lottery, some of Nancy Hutchinsons school friends hope that it isnt her . Nancys friends do not care about Nancys family. They only think about themselves and what they would do without Nancy. They dont think of Nancys suffering or how the lottery will affect her and her family. Thomas Du Bose believes that Jackson is suggesting that people are not concerned about injustice and kindness unless these problems touch them personally. The townspeople are able to blindly obedient because the lottery doesnt concern them or their families. Once they open their piece of paper and dont see a black dot, they are relaxed; its not them. They just want the stoning to end quickly so they can go to lunch. Selfishness and not being able to put yourself in someone elses place causes people to be apart to horrific deeds. Any person can become a monster. It is not just figureheads who are evil, it is also ordinary people. Shirley Jackson is warning us that by being blindly obedient that we can create terror and suffering. Jackson is urging us to look for signs of normalization of awful things. She is telling us to question everything even if it is tradition, or is it scary to oppose. Jackson is telling us to look beyond ourselves and to not conform to awful practices. The Lottery is a call to action to be more aware of our surroundings and what we do. We need to be more self aware and see what we can do to help and change other people. Works Cited Du Bose, Thomas. The Lottery. Masterplots, Fourth Edition, November 2010, pp. 1-3. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx direct=truedb=lkhAN=103331MP421429820000662site=lrc-plus. Green, Jordan. CAIR Executive Director Decries normalization of Hate. The NC Triads Altweekly. Triad City Beat, 31 Mar. 2017. Web. 7 Apr. 2017. Quotes About Monsters (389 quotes). (389 quotes). N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2017.